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| {{Infobox IPA
| | #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Apical consonant]] |
| | above = Apical
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| | ipa symbol = ◌̺
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| | ipa number =409
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| | decimal1 =826
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| }}
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| {{Place of articulation}}
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| An '''apical consonant''' is a [[phone (phonetics)|phone]] (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue. It contrasts with [[laminal consonant]]s, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue, just behind the tip.
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| It is not a very common distinction and is typically applied only to [[fricative consonant|fricative]]s and [[affricate consonant|affricate]]s. Thus, many varieties of [[English language|English]] have either apical or laminal pairs of {{IPA|[t]/[d]}}. However, some [[varieties of Arabic]], including [[Hadhrami Arabic]] in [[Yemen]], realize {{IPA|[t]}} as laminal but {{IPA|[d]}} as apical.
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| [[Basque language|Basque]] uses the distinction for [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] fricatives, as does [[Serbo-Croatian]]. [[Mandarin Chinese]] uses it for [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar fricatives]] (the "alveolo-palatal" and "retroflex" series). [[Lillooet language|Lillooet]] uses it as a secondary feature in contrasting velarized and non-velarized affricates. A distinction between apical and laminal is common in [[Australian Aboriginal languages]] for nasals plosives, and, usually, lateral approximants.
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| Most dialects in the [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese continuum]] distinguish between dental–laminal alveolar stops and apical alveolar stops. In Upper [[Assamese language|Assamese]], they have merged and leave only the apical alveolar stops. In Western [[Bengali language|Bengali]] apical alveolars are replaced by apical post-alveolars.
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| In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], the diacritic for apical consonants is {{unichar|033A|COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW|html=|cwith=◌}}.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Coronal consonant]]
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| *[[Laminal consonant]]
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| *[[List of phonetic topics]]
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| *[[Voiceless apicoalveolar fricative]]
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| *[[Voiced apicoalveolar fricative]]
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| ==References==
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| *{{SOWL}}
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| {{reflist}}
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| [[Category:Apical consonants| ]]
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| {{phonetics-stub}}
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