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| {{short description|Type of consonantal sound}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Bilabial nasal]] |
| {{Infobox IPA
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| |ipa symbol=m
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| |ipa-number=114
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| |decimal=109
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| |xsampa=m
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| |kirshenbaum=m
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| |braille=134
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| }}
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| The '''bilabial nasal''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in almost all spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|m}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>m</code>. The bilabial nasal occurs in [[English language|English]], and it is the sound represented by "m" in ''map'' and ''rum''.
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| It occurs nearly universally, and few languages (e.g. [[Mohawk language|Mohawk]]) are known to lack this sound.
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| ==Features==
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| Features of the bilabial nasal:
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| {{nasal stop}}
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| {{bilabial}}
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| {{voiced}}
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| {{nasal}}
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| {{central-lateral}}
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| {{pulmonic}}
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| ==Occurrence==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''м'''азэ]]}} || {{IPA|[maːza]}}|| 'moon'||
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| |-
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| | [[Arabic language|Arabic]]||[[Modern Standard Arabic|Standard]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990|p=37}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|مطابخ]]}} || {{IPA|[maˈtˤaːbɪχ]}}||'kitchens' || See [[Arabic phonology]]
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| |-
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| |[[Armenian language|Armenian]]|| [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=19}}</ref> ||{{lang|am|[[Armenian alphabet|'''մ'''այր]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|mɑjɾ.ogg |[mɑjɾ]}} || 'mother' ||
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]|| {{lang|aii-Syrc|[[Syriac alphabet|'''m'''ara]]}} || {{IPA|[maːra}}]|| 'owner'||
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]]|| {{lang|bas|[[Basque alphabet|'''m'''aitatu]]}} || {{IPA|[majt̪at̪u]}}|| 'to love'||
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| |-
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| |colspan=2 | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''মা''']]}} || {{IPA|[ma]}} || 'mother' || See [[Bengali phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|| {{lang|bas|[[Bulgarian alphabet|'''м'''ъгла]]}} || {{IPA|[mɐɡla]}}|| 'fog'||
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell & Llisterri|1992|p=53}}</ref>|| {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''m'''are]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmaɾə]}}|| 'mother'|| See [[Catalan phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] || [[Cherokee syllabary|Ꭰ'''Ꮉ''']] || {{IPA|[ama˦]}}||'water'||
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" |[[Chinese language|Chinese]]|| [[Cantonese Chinese|Cantonese]] || {{lang|zh-Hani|[[Chinese Characters|猫]]}} / {{lang|zh-Latn|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''m'''āau]]}}||{{Audio-IPA|Yue-maau1.ogg|[maːu̯˥]|help=no}}||rowspan=2| 'cat'|| See [[Cantonese phonology]]
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| | [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] || {{lang|zh-Hani|[[Chinese Characters|猫]]}} / {{lang|zh-Latn|[[Pinyin|'''m'''āo]]}}||{{Audio-IPA|Zh-māo.oga|[mɑʊ̯˥]|help=no}}|| See [[Mandarin phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''m'''už]]}} || {{IPA|[mʊʃ]}}|| 'man'|| See [[Czech phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''m'''ond]]}} || {{IPA|[mɔnt]}}|| 'mouth'|| See [[Dutch phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[English language|English]] || {{lang|en|[[English orthography|hi'''m''']]}} ||{{IPA|{{Audio-IPA|him pronunciation audio.ogg|[hɪm]|help=no}}|| 'him'|| See [[English phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|te'''m'''po]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtempo]}}|| 'time' || See [[Esperanto phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Filipino language|Filipino]] || {{lang|fil|[[Filipino orthography|'''m'''anok]]}} || {{IPA|[maˈnok]}}|| 'rooster'|| See [[Filipino phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]|| {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|'''m'''inä]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈminæ]}}|| 'I'|| See [[Finnish phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}</ref> || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''m'''anger]]}} || {{IPA|[mɑ̃ʒe]}}|| 'to eat'|| See [[French phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shosted & Chikovani|2006|p=255}}</ref> || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|სა'''მ'''ი]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsɑmi]}}||'three'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''M'''aus]]}} || {{IPA|[maʊ̯s]}} || 'mouse' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Greek language|Greek]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Newton|1972|p=10}}</ref> || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|'''μ'''άζα]]}} / {{lang|el-latn|[[Romanization of Greek|'''m'''aza]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmaza]}}|| 'clump'|| See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || {{lang|gu|[[Gujarati alphabet|'''મો'''ર]]}} / {{lang|gu-latn|'''m'''ōr}} || {{IPA|[moːɾ]}}|| 'male peacock'|| See [[Gujarati phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=139}}</ref>|| {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiian alphabet|'''m'''aka]]}} ||{{IPA|[maka]}} || 'eye'|| See [[Hawaiian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Hindi]] ||{{lang|hi|[[Devanāgarī|'''म'''धु]]}} || {{IPA|[məd̪ʱuː]}}|| 'honey'|| See [[Hindi-Urdu phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Hebrew Language|Hebrew]] ||{{lang|he|[[Hebrew|א'''מ'''א]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʔimäʔ]}}|| 'mother'|| See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|'''m'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[mɒ]}}|| 'today'|| See [[Hungarian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Soderberg|Olson|2008|p=210}}</ref>|| {{lang|id|'''m'''asuk}} ||{{IPA|[ˈmäsʊʔ]}} || 'enter'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rogers & d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}</ref> || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''m'''a'''mm'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmamma]}}|| 'mommy'|| See [[Italian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Okada|1999|p=117}}</ref> || [[kanji|乾杯]] / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|ka'''m'''pai]]}} || {{IPA|[kampai]}}|| 'cheers'|| See [[Japanese phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''м'''азэ]]}} || {{IPA|[maːza]}}|| 'moon'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|pp=206–207}}</ref> || {{lang|cgc|'''m'''anang}} || {{IPA|[manaŋ]}}|| 'older sister'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|마을]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''m'''aeul]]}}||{{IPA|[mɐɯl]}}|| 'village' || See [[Korean phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|'''м'''ајка]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmajka]}} || 'mother' || See [[Macedonian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Malay language|Malay]] || {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|'''m'''ala'''m''']]}} || {{IPA|[mäläm]}} || 'night' ||
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| | colspan="2" |[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=165}}</ref> ||{{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കമ്മി]]}} ||{{IPA|[kəmmi]}} ||'shortage'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || {{lang|mt|il'''m'''a}} || {{IPA|[ilma]}}|| 'water'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||{{lang|mr|[[Devanāgarī|'''म'''न]]}} || {{IPA|[mən]}}|| 'mind'|| See [[Marathi phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]] || {{lang|css|'''m'''uruṭ}} || {{IPA|[muɾuʈ]}} || 'night' ||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''m'''a'''mm'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑmːɑ]}}|| 'mom'|| See [[Norwegian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] || {{lang|oj|[[Ojibwe writing systems #Ojibwe syllabics|'''ᐊ'''ᓈ'''ᒥ'''ᒻ]]}} || {{IPA|[ənaːˈmɪm]}}|| 'accuse'|| See [[Ojibwe phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Oriya language|Oriya]] || {{lang|or|[[Oriya script|'''ମା''']]}} || {{IPA|[maː]}}||'mother'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|[[Perso-Arabic script|مادر]]}} || {{IPA|[mɒdær]}}||'mother'|| See [[Persian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] || {{lang|myp-Latn|'''b'''aíxi}} || {{IPA|[ˈmàí̯ʔì]}}||'parent'|| allophone of {{IPA|/b/}}
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| | colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''m'''asa]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-masa.ogg|[ˈmäsä]}}|| 'mass'|| See [[Polish phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''m'''ato]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmatu]}}|| 'bush'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||[[Gurmukhi|ਮੈਂ]]||{{IPA|[mɛ̃ː]}}||'I'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Padgett|2003|p=42}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''м'''уж]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-муж.ogg|[muʂ]}}|| 'husband'|| Contrasts with [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] version. See [[Russian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''м'''ој]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''m'''oj]]}} || {{IPA|[mȏːj]}} || 'my' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''m'''už]]}} || {{IPA|[mu̞ʃ]}} || 'man' ||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovene alphabet|'''m'''iš]]}} || {{IPA|[míʃ]}} || 'mouse' ||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}</ref> || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|gru'''m'''ete]]}} || {{IPA|[ɡɾuˈme̞te̞]}}|| 'cabin boy'|| See [[Spanish phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Swahili language|Swahili]]|| {{lang|sw|[[Latin script|'''m'''iti]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmiti]}}|| 'trees'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''m'''ask]]}} || {{IPA|[mask]}}|| 'worm'|| See [[Swedish phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" |[[Toki Pona]]
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| |'''m'''ani
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| |[mani]
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| |'money'
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| | colspan="2" | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] || {{lang|ddo-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''м'''ец]]}} || {{IPA|[mɛ̝t͡s]}}|| 'tongue'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|beni'''m''']]}} || {{IPA|[be̞nim]}}|| 'mine'|| See [[Turkish phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} ||{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''м'''олоко]]}} || {{IPA|[mɔɫɔˈkɔ]}}|| 'milk'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Urdu]] ||{{lang|ur|[[nasta'liq|مکان]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[məkaːn]}}|| 'house'|| See [[Hindi-Urdu phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] || {{lang|ug|[[Uyghur alphabet|مهن]]}} || {{IPA|[mæn]}}|| 'I'||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}</ref> || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''m'''uối]]}} || {{IPA|[mwoj˧ˀ˥]}}|| 'salt'||See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || {{lang|cy|[[Welsh alphabet|'''m'''a'''m''']]}} || {{IPA|[mam]}}|| 'mother'||See [[Welsh phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]|| {{lang|fy|'''m'''ar}} || {{IPA|[mar]}}|| 'lake'|| See [[West Frisian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Yi language|Yi]] ||{{lang|en|[[Yi script|ꂷ]]}} / {{lang|en|[[Yi script|'''m'''a]]}}|| {{IPA|[ma˧]}}|| 'bamboo'||
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| | [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Merrill|2008|p=108}}</ref>|| '''m'''an|| {{IPA|[maŋ]}}|| 'animal'||
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| |}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[List of phonetics topics]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| * {{citation
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| |last=Carbonell
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| |first=Joan F.
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| |last2=Llisterri
| |
| |first2=Joaquim
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| |year=1992
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| |title=Catalan
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| |volume=22
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| |issue=1–2
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| |pages=53–56
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| |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618
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| }}
| |
| * {{citation
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| |last=Dum-Tragut
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| |first=Jasmine
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| |year=2009
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| |title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
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| |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company
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| |place=Amsterdam
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| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Cruz-Ferreira
| |
| |first=Madalena
| |
| |year= 1995
| |
| |title=European Portuguese
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=25
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=90–94
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| |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Danyenko
| |
| |first1=Andrii
| |
| |last2=Vakulenko
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| |first2=Serhii
| |
| |year=1995
| |
| |title=Ukrainian
| |
| |publisher=Lincom Europa
| |
| |isbn=9783929075083
| |
| |url=https://books.google.com/?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Fougeron
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| |first=Cecile
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| |last2=Smith
| |
| |first2=Caroline L
| |
| |year=1993
| |
| |title=Illustrations of the IPA:French
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=23
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=73–76
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Gussenhoven
| |
| |first=Carlos
| |
| |year= 1992
| |
| |title=Dutch
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=22
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=45–47
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S002510030000459X
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last = Jassem
| |
| |first = Wiktor
| |
| |authorlink = Wiktor Jassem
| |
| |year= 2003
| |
| |title=Polish
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=33
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=103–107
| |
| |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001191
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Ladefoged
| |
| |first=Peter
| |
| |authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
| |
| |year=2005
| |
| |title=Vowels and Consonants
| |
| |edition=Second
| |
| |publisher=Blackwell
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last = Martínez-Celdrán
| |
| |first= Eugenio
| |
| |last2 = Fernández-Planas
| |
| |first2= Ana Ma.
| |
| |last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
| |
| |first3 = Josefina
| |
| |year= 2003
| |
| |title=Castilian Spanish
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=33
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=255–259
| |
| |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373
| |
| |url=https://www.academia.edu/11365507
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Merrill
| |
| |first=Elizabeth
| |
| |year=2008
| |
| |title=Tilquiapan Zapotec
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=38
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=107–114
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344
| |
| |url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Newton
| |
| |first=Brian
| |
| |year=1972
| |
| |title=The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology
| |
| |series=Cambridge Studies in Linguistics
| |
| |volume=8
| |
| |publisher=Cambridge University Press
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Olson
| |
| |first=Kenneth
| |
| |last2=Mielke
| |
| |first2=Jeff
| |
| |last3=Sanicas-Daguman
| |
| |first3=Josephine
| |
| |last4=Pebley
| |
| |first4=Carol Jean
| |
| |last5=Paterson
| |
| |first5= Hugh J., III
| |
| |year=2010
| |
| |title=The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=40
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=199–215
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100309990296
| |
| |url=http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/48235
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Okada
| |
| |first=Hideo
| |
| |year=1999
| |
| |chapter=Japanese
| |
| |editor=International Phonetic Association
| |
| |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
| |
| |pages=117–119
| |
| |publisher=Cambridge University Press
| |
| |isbn=978-0-52163751-0
| |
| |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
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| |last =Padgett
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| |first= Jaye
| |
| |year= 2003
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| |title= Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian
| |
| |journal= Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
| |
| |volume=21
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| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=39–87
| |
| |doi =10.1023/A:1021879906505
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Rogers
| |
| |first=Derek
| |
| |last2=d'Arcangeli
| |
| |first2=Luciana
| |
| |year=2004
| |
| |title=Italian
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=34
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=117–121
| |
| |doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001628
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Shosted
| |
| |first=Ryan K.
| |
| |last2=Vakhtang
| |
| |first2=Chikovani
| |
| |year=2006
| |
| |title=Standard Georgian
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=36
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=255–264
| |
| |doi = 10.1017/S0025100306002659
| |
| |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Landau
| |
| |first=Ernestina
| |
| |last2=Lončarića
| |
| |first2=Mijo
| |
| |last3=Horga
| |
| |first3=Damir
| |
| |last4=Škarić
| |
| |first4=Ivo
| |
| |year=1999
| |
| |chapter=Croatian
| |
| |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
| |
| |place=Cambridge
| |
| |publisher=Cambridge University Press
| |
| |isbn=978-0-521-65236-0
| |
| |pages=66–69
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Soderberg
| |
| |first=Craig D.
| |
| |last2=Olson
| |
| |first2=Kenneth S.
| |
| |title=Illustrations of the IPA:Indonesian
| |
| |year=2008
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=38
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=209–213
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003320
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Thelwall
| |
| |first=Robin
| |
| |year=1990
| |
| |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=20
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=37–41
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Thompson
| |
| |first=Laurence
| |
| |year=1959
| |
| |title=Saigon phonemics
| |
| |journal=Language
| |
| |volume=35
| |
| |issue=3
| |
| |pages=454–476
| |
| |doi=10.2307/411232
| |
| |jstor=411232
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * {{phoible|m}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA navigation}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilabial Nasal}}
| |
| [[Category:Bilabial consonants]]
| |
| [[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
| |
| [[Category:Nasal consonants]]
| |
| [[Category:Labial–coronal consonants]]
| |
| [[Category:Voiced consonants]]
| |