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| {{Short description|vowel sound in some languages}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Close-mid back unrounded vowel]] |
| {{redirect|Mid back unrounded vowel|the open-mid vowel|Open-mid back unrounded vowel}}
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| {{Infobox IPA
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| |ipa symbol=ɤ
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| |ipa number=315
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| |decimal=612
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| |xsampa=7
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| |kirshenbaum=o-
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| |imagefile=Close-mid back unrounded vowel (vector).svg
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| |imagesize=150px
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| |braille=256
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| |braille2=o
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| }}
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| {{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
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| The '''close-mid back unrounded vowel''', or '''high-mid back unrounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some spoken [[language]]s. Its symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}, called "ram's horns". It is distinct from the symbol for the [[voiced velar fricative]], {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}, which has a [[descender]]. Despite that, some writings<ref>Such as {{Harvcoltxt|Booij|1999}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Nowikow|2012}}.</ref> use this symbol for the voiced velar fricative.
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| Before the [[1989 IPA Convention]], the symbol for the close-mid back unrounded vowel was {{angbr|[[Image:Latin letter small capital Gamma.svg|12px]]}}, sometimes called "baby gamma", which has a flat top; this symbol was in turn derived from and replaced the inverted [[Small caps|small capital]] A, ⟨<small>Ɐ</small>⟩, that represented the sound before the [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#1928 revisions|1928 revision]] to the IPA.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinte00inteuoft|title=The principles of the International Phonetic Association|last=International Phonetic Association|first=|date=1912|publisher=Paris, Association Phonétique Internationale|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=10}}</ref> The symbol was ultimately revised to be {{angbr|[[Image:Ram's horns.svg|12px]]}}, "ram's horns", with a rounded top, in order to better differentiate it from the [[Latin gamma]] {{IPAalink|ɣ}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nicholas|first=Nick|title=Greek-derived IPA symbols|url=http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_interloping.html#ipa|work=Greek Unicode Issues|location=University of California, Irvine|year=2003|access-date=2013-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219023133/http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_interloping.html#ipa|archive-date=2013-12-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Unicode]] provides only {{unichar|0264|LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN|html=}}, but in some fonts this character may appear as a "baby gamma" instead.
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| Some languages (e.g. [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]) feature the '''mid back unrounded vowel''', which is slightly lower.{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} No language has been found to contrast close-mid and mid back unrounded vowels.
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| ==Features==
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| {{close-mid vowel}}
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| {{back vowel}}
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| {{unrounded vowel}}
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| ==Occurrence==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
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| ! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
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| | ''{{lang|gah-Cyrl|[[:wikt:туғыҙ|туғ'''ы'''ҙ]]/tuğ'''ï'''ð}}''
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| | {{Audio-IPA|Ba-туғыҙ.ogg|[tuˈʁɤð]}}
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| | 'nine'
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}}
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| | {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|п'''ъ'''т]]}}
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| | {{IPA|[pɤ̞t̪]}}
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| | 'path'
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| | Mid.{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
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| | [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
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| | {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|喝]]}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|h'''ē''']]}}
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| | {{Audio-IPA|zh-hē.ogg|[xɤ˥]}}
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| | 'to drink'
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| | Usually pronounced as a sequence {{IPA|[ɰɤ̞]}}. See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
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| |-
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| | [[Southern Min]]
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| | {{lang|nan-Hani|[[Chinese characters|蚵]]}}/{{lang|nan-Latn|[[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|'''ô''']]}}
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| | {{IPA|[ɤ˧]}}
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| | 'oyster'
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | [[English language|English]]
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| | [[Cape Flats English|Cape Flats]]{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}}
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| | rowspan="2" | [[English orthography|''f'''oo'''t'']]
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| | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[fɤt]}}
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| | rowspan="2" | 'foot'
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| | Possible realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}}; may be {{IPAblink|u}} or {{IPAblink|ʉ}} instead.{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} See [[South African English phonology]]
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| |-
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| | Indian [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Mesthrie|2004|p=956}}
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| | Possible realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}}; may be a weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ʊ}} instead.{{sfnp|Mesthrie|2004|p=956}} See [[South African English phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}}
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| | {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|k'''õ'''rv]]}}
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| | {{IPA|[kɤrv]}}
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| | 'ear'
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| | Can be close-mid central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} or close back {{IPAblink|ɯ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Gayo language|Gayo]]{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}}
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| | {{lang|gay|kul'''e'''}}
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| | {{IPA|[kuˈlɤː]}}
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| | 'tiger'
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| | Close-mid or mid; one of the possible allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}}
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]]{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}}
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| | colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[dɤ̞k˦]}}
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| | 'enter'
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| | Mid; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}.{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}}
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| |-
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| | [[Irish language|Irish]]
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| | [[Ulster Irish|Ulster]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ní Chasaide|1999|pp=114–115}}</ref>
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| | {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''U'''ladh]]}}
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| | {{IPA|[ɤl̪ˠu]}}
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| | 'Ulster'
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| | See [[Irish phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}}
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| | colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ˈᵐbɤ]}}
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| | 'tail'
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| | Varies between back {{IPA|[ɤ]}} and central {{IPAblink|ɘ}}{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 682}}
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| |-
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| | [[Korean language|Korean]]
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| | [[Gyeongsang dialect]]
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| | {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|거기]]}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|g'''eo'''gi]]}}
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| | {{IPA|[ˈkɤ̘ɡɪ]}}
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| | 'there'
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| | See [[Korean phonology]]
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| |-
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| | Northern Tiwa
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| | [[Taos dialect]]
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| | colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ˌmã̀ˑˈpɤ̄u̯mã̄]}}
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| | 'it was squeezed'
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| | May be central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} instead. See [[Taos phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic]]
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| | {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|d'''oi'''rbh]]}}
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| | {{IPA|[d̪̊ɤrʲɤv]}}
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| | 'difficult'
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| | See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
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| | {{lang|su|i'''eu'''}}
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| | {{IPA|[iɤ]}}
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| | 'this'
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]]{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=25}}
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| | {{lang|gd|[[Thai alphabet|'''เ'''ธอ]]}}/[[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|''th'''oe''''']]
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| | {{IPA|[tʰɤː]}}
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| | 'you'
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| |}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Index of phonetics articles]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|30em}}
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| ==References==
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| {{refbegin|30em}}
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| * {{Citation
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| |last=Asu
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| |first=Eva Liina
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| |last2=Teras
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| |first2=Pire
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| |year=2009
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| |title=Estonian
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| |volume=39
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| |issue=3
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| |pages=367–372
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| |doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x
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| }}
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| * {{citation
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| |last=Booij
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| |first=Geert
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| |year=1999
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| |title=The phonology of Dutch
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| |publisher=Oxford University Press
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| |isbn=0-19-823869-X
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| }}
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| * {{citation
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| |last1=Chirkova
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| |first1=Katia
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| |last2=Chen
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| |first2=Yiya
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| |last3=Kocjančič Antolík
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| |first3=Tanja
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| |year=2013
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| |title=Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| |volume=43
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| |issue=3
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| |pages=381–396
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| |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/published/KC2013Xumi2.pdf
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| |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000169
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| }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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| * {{citation
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| |last1=Eades
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| |first1=Domenyk
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| |last2=Hajek
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| |first2=John
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| |year=2006
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| |title=Gayo
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| |volume=36
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| |issue=1
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| |pages=107–115
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| |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002416
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| }}
| |
| * {{citation
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| |last=Finn
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| |first=Peter
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| |editor-last=Schneider
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| |editor-first=Edgar W.
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| |editor2-last=Burridge
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| |editor2-first=Kate
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| |editor3-last=Kortmann
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| |editor3-first=Bernd
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| |editor4-last=Mesthrie
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| |editor4-first=Rajend
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| |editor5-last=Upton
| |
| |editor5-first=Clive
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| |year=2004
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| |title=A handbook of varieties of English
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| |chapter=Cape Flats English: phonology
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| |volume=1: Phonology
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| |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
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| |pages=934–984
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| |isbn=3-11-017532-0
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| }}
| |
| * {{citation
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| |last=Jolkesky
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| |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery
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| |year=2009
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| |title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble
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| |journal=Anais do SETA
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| |volume=3
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| |pages=675–685
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| |place=Campinas
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| |publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP
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| |url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474
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| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Mesthrie
| |
| |first=Rajend
| |
| |editor-last=Schneider
| |
| |editor-first=Edgar W.
| |
| |editor2-last=Burridge
| |
| |editor2-first=Kate
| |
| |editor3-last=Kortmann
| |
| |editor3-first=Bernd
| |
| |editor4-last=Mesthrie
| |
| |editor4-first=Rajend
| |
| |editor5-last=Upton
| |
| |editor5-first=Clive
| |
| |year=2004
| |
| |title=A handbook of varieties of English
| |
| |chapter=Indian South African English: phonology
| |
| |volume=1: Phonology
| |
| |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
| |
| |pages=953–963
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| |isbn=3-11-017532-0
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Ní Chasaide
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| |first=Ailbhe
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| |year=1999
| |
| |chapter=Irish
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| |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |pages=111–16
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| |publisher=Cambridge University Press
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| |isbn=0-521-63751-1
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
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| |last=Nowikow
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| |first=Wieczysław
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| |year=2012
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| |orig-year=First published 1992
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| |title=Fonetyka hiszpańska
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| |edition=3rd
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| |place=Warsaw
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| |publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
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| |isbn=978-83-01-16856-8
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| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Ternes
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| |first=Elmer
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| |last2=Vladimirova-Buhtz
| |
| |first2=Tatjana
| |
| |year=1999
| |
| |chapter=Bulgarian
| |
| |pages=55–57
| |
| |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |publisher=Cambridge University Press
| |
| |isbn=0-521-63751-1
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Tingsabadh
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| |first1=M. R. Kalaya
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| |last2=Abramson
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| |first2=Arthur S.
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| |year=1993
| |
| |title=Thai
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| |volume=23
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| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=24–28
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| |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004746
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Urua
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| |first=Eno-Abasi E.
| |
| |year=2004
| |
| |title=Ibibio
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=34
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| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=105–109
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001550
| |
| }}
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| {{refend}}
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| ==External links==
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| * {{phoible|ɤ}}
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| {{IPA navigation}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Close-Mid Back Unrounded Vowel}}
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| [[Category:Close-mid vowels]]
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| [[Category:Back vowels]]
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| [[Category:Unrounded vowels]]
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