|
|
| (One intermediate revision by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{merge|Schwa|discuss=Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Linguistics#We probably have too many vowel articles|date=August 2019}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Close-mid central unrounded vowel]] |
| {{Short description|vowel sound in some languages}}
| |
| {{Infobox IPA
| |
| |ipa symbol=ɘ
| |
| |ipa symbol2=ë
| |
| |ipa symbol3=ɤ̈
| |
| |ipa symbol4=ə̝
| |
| |ipa number=397
| |
| |decimal=600
| |
| |x-sampa=@\
| |
| |kirshenbaum=@<umd>
| |
| |imagefile=Close-mid central unrounded vowel (vector).svg
| |
| |imagesize=150px
| |
| |braille=256
| |
| |braille2=e
| |
| }}
| |
| {{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
| |
| | |
| The '''close-mid central unrounded vowel''', or '''high-mid central unrounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɘ}}. This is a mirrored letter e, and should not be confused with the [[schwa]] {{angbr IPA|[[ə]]}}, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed {{angbr IPA|ë}} (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources<ref>For example {{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|1990}}.</ref> transcribe this vowel {{angbr IPA|ɤ̈}}.
| |
| | |
| The {{angbr IPA|ɘ}} letter may be used with a [[lowered (phonetics)|lowering diacritic]] {{angbr IPA|ɘ̞}}, to denote the [[mid central unrounded vowel]].
| |
| | |
| Conversely, {{angbr IPA|ə}}, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a raising diacritic {{angbr IPA|ə̝}} to denote the close-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic {{angbr IPA|ə̝͑}} to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA {{angbr IPA|ə}} is undefined for rounding).
| |
| | |
| To type this symbol on [[Windows (Operating System)|Windows]], press and hold the ALT key while typing "600" using the number pad keys.
| |
| | |
| == Features ==
| |
| {{close-mid vowel}}
| |
| {{central vowel}}
| |
| {{unrounded vowel}}
| |
| | |
| == Occurrence ==
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
| |
| ! colspan=2 | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || [[South Azerbaijani language|Tabriz]]{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016}} || {{lang|az|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|q'''ı'''z]]}} {{lang|azb|قیز}} || {{IPA|[ɡɘz]}} || 'girl' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɯ}}.
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan=2 | [[Cotabato Manobo language|Cotabato Manobo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kerr|1988|p=110}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=March 2017}} || || || May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ə}}.
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Dinka language|Dinka]] || Luanyjang<ref name="dinka">{{Harvcoltxt|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=117, 119}}</ref> || ''ŋ'''e'''ŋ'' || {{IPA|[ŋɘ́ŋ]}} || 'jawbone' || Short allophone of {{IPA|/e/}}.<ref name="dinka"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=5| [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cox|2006|p=?}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Durie|Hajek|1994|p=?}}</ref> || rowspan=2| ''[[English orthography|b'''ir'''d]]'' || {{IPA|[bɘːd]}} || rowspan=2| 'bird' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɜː}}. See [[Australian English phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | Southern Michigan<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hillenbrand|2003|p=122}}</ref> || {{IPA|[bɚ̝ːd]}} || Rhotacized; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɚ}}.
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Cardiff English|Cardiff]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|1990|p=93}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|f'''oo'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[fɘt]}} || 'foot' || Less often rounded {{IPAblink|ɵ}};<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|1990|p=92}}</ref> corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʊ}} in other dialects. See [[English phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|b'''i'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[bɘt]}} || 'bit' || Merger of {{IPA|/ə/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} found in other dialects. See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Southern American English|Southern American]]<ref name="sae">{{Harvcoltxt|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|n'''u'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[nɘt]}} || 'nut' || Some dialects.<ref name="sae"/> Corresponds to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in other dialects. See [[English phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|pp=368–369}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|k'''õ'''rv]]}} || {{IPA|[kɘrv]}} || 'ear' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}; can be close-mid back {{IPAblink|ɤ}} or close back {{IPAblink|ɯ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|pp=368–369}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Munster Irish|Munster]]<ref name="muir">{{Harvcoltxt|Ó Sé|2000}}</ref> || [[Irish orthography|''sáil'''e''''']] || {{IPA|[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]}} || 'salt water' || Usually transcribed in IPA with {{IPA|[ɪ̽]}}. It is an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} next to non-[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] slender consonants.<ref name="muir"/> See [[Irish phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Jebero language|Jebero]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Valenzuela|Gussenhoven|2013|p=101}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ˈiʃɘk]}} || 'bat' ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677 and 682}}</ref> || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ˈᵐbɘ]}} || 'tail' || Varies between central {{IPA|[ɘ]}} and back {{IPAblink|ɤ}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676 and 682}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Kalagan language|Kalagan Kaagan]]<ref name="wendel">{{Harvcoltxt|Wendel|Wendel|1978|p=198}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[miˈwə̝ːʔ]}} || 'lost' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɨ/}} in word-final stressed syllables before {{IPA|/ʔ/}}; can be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ə}}.<ref name="wendel"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]]<ref name="bis230">{{Harvcoltxt|Bishop|1996|p=230}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ɟɚ̝h]}} || 'to trim' || Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɚ}}.<ref name="bis230"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Kera language|Kera]]<ref name="pear251">{{Harvcoltxt|Pearce|2011|p=251}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠]}} || 'fire' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}}; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ə}}.<ref name="pear251"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lee|1999|p=121}}</ref> || {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|'''어'''른]]}} || {{IPA|[ə̝ːɾɯ̽n]}} || 'senior' || May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|əː}}. See [[Korean phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Lizu language|Lizu]]<ref name="chir">{{Harvcoltxt|Chirkova|Chen|2013a|p=79}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[<sup>F</sup>kə̝]}}{{what|date=January 2019}} || 'eagle' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} after velar stops.<ref name="chir"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=92}}</ref> || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|el'''ü'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ë̝ˈlɘn]}} || 'to leave (something)' ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}}</ref> || {{lang|mn-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|үс'''э'''р]]}} || {{IPA|[usɘɾɘ̆]}} || 'jump' ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Mono language (Congo)|Mono]]<ref name="olson235">{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|2004|p=235}}</ref> || {{lang|mnh|d'''œ'''}} || {{IPA|[də̝]}} || 'be (equative)' || May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ə}}.<ref name="olson235"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref name="jassem">{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=105}} The source transcribes this sound with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɨ}} but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to {{IPA|[ɘ]}} than to {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|m'''y'''sz]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-mysz.ogg|[mɘ̟ʂ]}} || 'mouse' || Somewhat fronted;<ref name="jassem"/> typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɨ}}. See [[Polish phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Moldavian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|cas'''ă''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkäsɘ]}} || 'house' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ə}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan=2| [[Shiwiar language|Shiwiar]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan=2| [[Temne language|Temne]]<ref name="katuc">{{Harvcoltxt|Kanu|Tucker|2010|p=249}}</ref> || {{lang|tem|p'''ə'''r}} || {{IPA|[pə̝́r]}} || 'incite' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ə}}.<ref name="katuc"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan=2| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hoang|1965|p=24}}</ref> || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|v'''ợ''']]}} || {{IPA|[vɘ˨˩ˀ]}} || 'wife' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}. See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Xumi language|Xumi]] || Upper<ref name="chir1">{{Harvcoltxt|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|p=389}}</ref> || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[LPmɘ̃dɐ]}} || 'upstairs' || Nasalized; occurs only in this word.<ref name="chir1"/> It is realized as mid {{IPAblink|ə|ə̃}} in Lower Xumi.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chirkova|Chen|2013b|p=370}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]] || [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]<ref name="merrill">{{Harvcoltxt|Merrill|2008|pp=109–110}}</ref> || {{lang|zts|n'''e'''}} || {{IPA|[nɘ]}} || 'and' || Most common realization of {{IPA|/e/}}.<ref name="merrill"/>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Notes==
| |
| {{reflist|30em}}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{refbegin|2}}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Asu
| |
| |first=Eva Liina
| |
| |last2=Teras
| |
| |first2=Pire
| |
| |year=2009
| |
| |title=Estonian
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=39
| |
| |issue=3
| |
| |pages=367–372
| |
| |doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Bauer
| |
| |first=Laurie
| |
| |last2=Warren
| |
| |first2=Paul
| |
| |last3=Bardsley
| |
| |first3=Dianne
| |
| |last4=Kennedy
| |
| |first4=Marianna
| |
| |last5=Major
| |
| |first5=George
| |
| |title=New Zealand English
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |year=2007
| |
| |volume=37
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=97–102
| |
| |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282778721
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002830
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Bishop
| |
| |first=Nancy
| |
| |year=1996
| |
| |title=A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology
| |
| |journal=Mon–Khmer Studies Journal
| |
| |volume=25
| |
| |url=http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/25:227-253.pdf
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Chirkova
| |
| |first1=Katia
| |
| |last2=Chen
| |
| |first2=Yiya
| |
| |year=2013a
| |
| |title=Lizu
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=43
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=75–86
| |
| |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/published/KC2013Lizu.pdf
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000242
| |
| }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Chirkova
| |
| |first1=Katia
| |
| |last2=Chen
| |
| |first2=Yiya
| |
| |year=2013b
| |
| |title=Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=43
| |
| |issue=3
| |
| |pages=363–379
| |
| |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/published/KC2013Xumi1.pdf
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000157
| |
| }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Chirkova
| |
| |first1=Katia
| |
| |last2=Chen
| |
| |first2=Yiya
| |
| |last3=Kocjančič Antolík
| |
| |first3=Tanja
| |
| |year=2013
| |
| |title=Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=43
| |
| |issue=3
| |
| |pages=381–396
| |
| |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/published/KC2013Xumi2.pdf
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000169
| |
| }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Collins
| |
| |first1=Beverley
| |
| |last2=Mees
| |
| |first2=Inger M.
| |
| |editor-last1=Coupland
| |
| |editor-first1=Nikolas
| |
| |editor-last2=Thomas
| |
| |editor-first2=Alan Richard
| |
| |year=1990
| |
| |title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
| |
| |chapter=The Phonetics of Cardiff English
| |
| |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.
| |
| |pages=87–103
| |
| |isbn=1-85359-032-0
| |
| |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Cox
| |
| |first=F.M.
| |
| |year=2006
| |
| |title=The acoustic characteristics of {{IPA|/hVd/}} vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers
| |
| |journal= Australian Journal of Linguistics
| |
| |volume=26
| |
| |pages=147–179
| |
| |doi=10.1080/07268600600885494
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Durie
| |
| |first=M.
| |
| |last2=Hajek
| |
| |first2=J.
| |
| |year=1994
| |
| |title=A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels
| |
| |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics
| |
| |volume=14
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=93–107
| |
| |doi=10.1080/07268609408599503
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Fast Mowitz
| |
| |first=Gerhard
| |
| |year=1975
| |
| |title=Sistema fonológico del idioma achual
| |
| |place=Lima
| |
| |publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Hillenbrand
| |
| |first=James M.
| |
| |year=2003
| |
| |title=American English: Southern Michigan
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=33
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=121–126
| |
| |url=http://homepages.wmich.edu/~hillenbr/Papers/Hillenbrand%202003%20American%20English%20-%20Southern%20Michigan%20%28Illustrations%20of%20the%20IPA%29.pdf
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001221
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Hoang
| |
| |first=Thi Quynh Hoa
| |
| |year=1965
| |
| |title=A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English
| |
| |place=Lubbock, Texas
| |
| |publisher=Texas Technological College
| |
| |url=https://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/12672/31295000598697.pdf?sequence=1
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Iivonen
| |
| |first=Antti
| |
| |last2=Harnud
| |
| |first2=Huhe
| |
| |year=2005
| |
| |title=Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=35
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=59–71
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S002510030500191X
| |
| |ref=harv
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Jassem
| |
| |first=Wiktor
| |
| |year=2003
| |
| |title=Polish
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=33
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=103–107
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001191
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Jolkesky
| |
| |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery
| |
| |year=2009
| |
| |title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble
| |
| |journal=Anais do SETA
| |
| |volume=3
| |
| |pages=675–685
| |
| |place=Campinas
| |
| |publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP
| |
| |url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Kanu
| |
| |first1=Sullay M.
| |
| |last2=Tucker
| |
| |first2=Benjamin V.
| |
| |year=2010
| |
| |title=Temne
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=40
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=247–253
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S002510031000006X
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last = Kerr
| |
| |first = Harland
| |
| |year = 1988
| |
| |title = Cotabato Manobo Grammar
| |
| |journal = Studies in Philippine Linguistics
| |
| |volume = 7
| |
| |issue = 1
| |
| |pages = 1–123
| |
| |url = http://www-01.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_7-1_001-123.pdf
| |
| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150511230340/http://www-01.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_7-1_001-123.pdf
| |
| |url-status = dead
| |
| |archive-date = 2015-05-11
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Krech
| |
| |first1=Eva Maria
| |
| |last2=Stock
| |
| |first2=Eberhard
| |
| |last3=Hirschfeld
| |
| |first3=Ursula
| |
| |last4=Anders
| |
| |first4=Lutz-Christian
| |
| |year=2009
| |
| |title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch
| |
| |location=Berlin, New York
| |
| |publisher=Walter de Gruyter
| |
| |isbn=978-3-11-018202-6
| |
| |ref={{harvid|Krech et al.|2009}}
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Lee
| |
| |first=Hyun Bok
| |
| |year=1999
| |
| |chapter=Korean
| |
| |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |publisher=Cambridge University Press
| |
| |pages=120–122
| |
| |isbn=0-521-63751-1
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Merrill
| |
| |first=Elizabeth
| |
| |year=2008
| |
| |title=Tilquiapan Zapotec
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=38
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=107–114
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344
| |
| |url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Mokari
| |
| |first1=Payam Ghaffarvand
| |
| |last2=Werner
| |
| |first2=Stefan
| |
| |year=2016
| |
| |title=An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels
| |
| |editor-last=Dziubalska-Kolaczyk
| |
| |editor-first=Katarzyna
| |
| |journal=Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
| |
| |volume=52
| |
| |issue=3
| |
| |doi=10.1515/psicl-2016-0019
| |
| |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305567394
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Olson
| |
| |first=Kenneth S.
| |
| |year=2004
| |
| |title=Mono
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=34
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=233–238
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001744
| |
| |url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/37/52/113752932904084361138922206226269471614/Olson2004.pdf
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |surname=Ó Sé
| |
| |given=Diarmuid
| |
| |title=Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne
| |
| |place=Dublin
| |
| |publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann
| |
| |year=2000
| |
| |isbn=0-946452-97-0
| |
| |language=ga
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Pearce
| |
| |first=Mary
| |
| |year=2011
| |
| |title=Kera
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=41
| |
| |issue=2
| |
| |pages=249–258
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100311000168
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Pop
| |
| |first=Sever
| |
| |year=1938
| |
| |title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român
| |
| |publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Remijsen
| |
| |first1=Bert
| |
| |last2=Manyang
| |
| |first2=Caguor Adong
| |
| |year=2009
| |
| |title=Luanyjang Dinka
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=39
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=113–124
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003605
| |
| |url=https://www.llas.ac.uk/resourcedownloads/3303/remijsen_manyang.pdf
| |
| |url-status=dead
| |
| |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309172615/https://www.llas.ac.uk/resourcedownloads/3303/remijsen_manyang.pdf
| |
| |archivedate=2016-03-09
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last=Roca
| |
| |first=Iggy
| |
| |last2=Johnson
| |
| |first2=Wyn
| |
| |year=1999
| |
| |title=A Course in Phonology
| |
| |publisher=Blackwell Publishing
| |
| |isbn=0-631-21345-7
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Sadowsky
| |
| |first1=Scott
| |
| |last2=Painequeo
| |
| |first2=Héctor
| |
| |last3=Salamanca
| |
| |first3=Gastón
| |
| |last4=Avelino
| |
| |first4=Heriberto
| |
| |year=2013
| |
| |title=Mapudungun
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=43
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=87–96
| |
| |url=https://www.academia.edu/3234126
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1=Valenzuela
| |
| |first1=Pilar M.
| |
| |last2=Gussenhoven
| |
| |first2=Carlos
| |
| |year=2013
| |
| |title=Shiwilu (Jebero)
| |
| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
| |
| |volume=43
| |
| |issue=1
| |
| |pages=97–106
| |
| |url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/shiwilu_jipa19.pdf
| |
| |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000370
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{citation
| |
| |last1 = Wendel
| |
| |first1 = Åsa
| |
| |last2 = Wendel
| |
| |first2 = Dag
| |
| |year = 1978
| |
| |title = Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement
| |
| |journal = Studies in Philippine Linguistics
| |
| |volume = 2
| |
| |issue = 1
| |
| |pages = 191–203
| |
| |url = http://www-01.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_2-1_191-203.pdf
| |
| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150511225522/http://www-01.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_2-1_191-203.pdf
| |
| |url-status = dead
| |
| |archive-date = 2015-05-11
| |
| }}
| |
| {{refend}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * {{phoible|ɘ}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA navigation}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Close-mid vowels]]
| |
| [[Category:Central vowels]]
| |
| [[Category:Unrounded vowels]]
| |