|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Refimprove|date=June 2010}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nasalization]] |
| {{Infobox IPA
| |
| | above = Nasalized
| |
| | ipa symbol = ◌̃
| |
| | ipa number = 424
| |
| | decimal1 = 771
| |
| }}
| |
| {{Sound change}}
| |
| {{IPA notice}}
| |
| In [[phonetics]], '''nasalization''' (or '''nasalisation''') is the production of a sound while the [[soft palate|velum]] is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}. An archetypal nasal sound is {{IPA|[n]}}.
| |
| | |
| In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], nasalization is indicated by printing a [[tilde]] diacritic {{unichar|0303|COMBINING TILDE|html=|cwith=◌}} above the symbol for the sound to be nasalized: {{IPA|[ã]}} is the nasalized equivalent of {{IPA|[a]}}, and {{IPA|[ṽ]}} is the nasalized equivalent of {{IPA|[v]}}. A subscript diacritic {{IPA|[ą]}}, called an [[ogonek]] or ''nosinė'', is sometimes seen, especially when the vowel bears [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] marks that would interfere with the superscript tilde. For example, {{IPA|[ą̄ ą́ ą̀ ą̂ ą̌]}} are more legible in most fonts than {{IPA|[ã̄ ã́ ã̀ ã̂ ã̌]}}.
| |
| | |
| ==Nasal vowels==
| |
| Nasal [[Vowel|vowels]] are found in over 20% of the languages around the world, such as [[French language|French]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Gheg]]-[[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Hmong language|Hmong]], [[Hokkien]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] and [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]]. Those nasal vowels contrast with their corresponding [[oral vowel|oral vowels]]. Nasality is usually seen as a binary feature, although surface variation in different degrees of nasality caused by neighboring [[nasal consonant|nasal consonants]]<nowiki/> has been observed.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=298}}
| |
| | |
| There are occasional languages, such [[Palantla Chinantec]], where vowels seem to exhibit three contrastive degrees of nasality<ref>{{cite book|title=Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns|author=[[Juliette Blevins]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|page=203}}</ref>, although Ladefoged and Maddieson believe that the slightly nasalized vowels are better described as an oro-nasal [[diphthong]].{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=298–299}}
| |
| | |
| ==Nasal consonants==
| |
| By far the most common nasal sounds are [[nasal consonant]]s such as {{IPA|[m]}}, {{IPA|[n]}} or {{IPA|[ŋ]}}. Most nasal consonants are occlusives, and airflow through the mouth is blocked and redirected through the nose. Their oral counterparts are the [[stop consonant|stops]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}.
| |
| | |
| ==Nasalized consonants==
| |
| Nasalized versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. Some [[Modern South Arabian languages|South Arabian languages]] use [[phonemic]] nasalized fricatives, such as {{IPA|/z̃/}}, which sounds something like a simultaneous {{IPA|[n]}} and {{IPA|[z]}}. The [[Middle Chinese]] [[Guangyun|consonant]] [[wikt:日|日]] ({{IPA|[ȵʑ]}}; {{IPA|[ʐ]}} in modern [[Standard Chinese]]) has an odd history; for example, it has evolved into {{IPAblink|ʐ}} and {{IPA|[ɑɻ]}} (or {{IPAblink|ɻ}} and {{IPAblink|ɚ}} respectively, depending on accents) in [[Standard Chinese]]; {{IPAblink|z}}/{{IPAblink|ʑ}} and {{IPAblink|n}} in [[Hokkien]]; {{IPA|[z]}}/{{IPA|[ʑ]}} and {{IPA|[n]}}/{{IPAblink|ɲ|n̠ʲ}} while borrowed into Japan. It seems likely that it was once a nasalized fricative, perhaps a palatal {{IPA|[ʝ̃]}}.
| |
| | |
| In [[Coatzospan Mixtec]], fricatives and affricates are nasalized before nasal vowels even when they are voiceless. In the [[Hupa language|Hupa]], the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} often has the tongue not make full contact, resulting in a nasalized approximant, {{IPA|[ɰ̃]}}. That is [[cognate]] with a [[Nasal_palatal_approximant|nasalized palatal approximant]]] {{IPA|[ȷ̃]}} in other [[Athabaskan languages]].
| |
| | |
| In [[Umbundu language|Umbundu]], phonemic {{IPA|/ṽ/}} contrasts with the ([[allophone|allophonically]]) nasalized approximant {{IPA|[w̃]}} and so is likely to be a true fricative rather than an approximant.{{Elucidate|date=April 2010}} In [[Old Irish|Old]] and [[Middle Irish]], the [[lenition|lenited]] {{angbr|m}} was a nasalized bilabial fricative.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Grammar of Old Irish |last=Thurneysen |first=Rudolf |authorlink=Rudolf Thurneysen |author2=D. A. Binchy|translator=Osborn Bergin|year=1946 |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |location=Dublin |isbn=1-85500-161-6 |page=85}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] has an allophonic nasalized [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ̃]}}; nasalized stops can occur only with pharyngeal articulation or lower, or they would be simple nasals.<ref>{{SOWL|134}}</ref> Nasal [[flap consonant|flaps]] are common allophonically. Many West African languages have a nasal flap {{IPA|[ɾ̃]}} (or {{IPA|[n̆]}}) as an allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} before a nasal vowel; [[Pashto language|Pashto]], however, has a phonemic nasal [[retroflex lateral flap]].
| |
| | |
| Other languages, such as the [[Khoisan languages]] of [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]] and [[Gǀui dialect|Gǀui]], as well as several of the [[!Kung language]]s, include [[nasal click]] consonants. Nasalization of the phonemes is denoted with a superscript {{angbr|ᵑ}} preceding the consonant (for example, {{angbr|ᵑǂ}}).<ref>{{SOWL|268}}</ref> Nasalized laterals such as {{IPA|[l̃]}} are easy to produce but rare or nonexistent as phonemes; often when {{IPA|[l]}} is nasalized, it becomes {{IPA|[n]}}.
| |
| | |
| ==True nasal fricatives==
| |
| {{anchor|nareal|Nareal}}
| |
| Besides nasalized oral fricatives, there are true nasal fricatives, previously called ''nareal fricatives''. They are sometimes produced by people with disordered speech. The [[turbulence]] in the airflow characteristic of [[fricative]]s is produced not in the mouth but in the [[nasal cavity]]. A tilde and [[trema (diacritic)|trema]] diacritic (two dots representing the nostrils) is used for this in the [[extensions to the IPA]]: {{IPA|[n͋]}} is a voiced alveolar nasal fricative, with no airflow out of the mouth, and {{IPA|[n̥͋]}} is the voiceless equivalent; {{IPA|[v͋]}} is an oral fricative with simultaneous nasal frication. No known language makes use of nasal fricatives in non-disordered speech.
| |
| | |
| ==Denasalization==
| |
| {{Main article|Denasalization}}
| |
| Nasalization may be lost over time. There are also [[Denasalization|denasal]] sounds, which sound like nasals spoken with a head cold. They may be found in non-pathological speech as a language loses nasal consonants, as in [[Korean language|Korean]].
| |
| | |
| ==Contextual nasalization==
| |
| | |
| Vowels assimilate to surrounding [[nasal consonant]]s in many languages, such as [[Thai language|Thai]], creating nasal vowel allophones. Some languages exhibit a nasalization of [[Segment (linguistics)|segments]] adjacent to phonemic or allophonic [[nasal vowels]], such as [[Apurinã language|Apurinã]].
| |
| | |
| Contextual nasalization can lead to the addition of nasal vowel phonemes to a language.<ref>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online – [http://wals.info/feature/description/10 Chapter 10 – Vowel Nasalization]</ref> That happened in French, most of whose final consonants disappeared, but its final nasals made the preceding vowels become nasal, which introduced a new distinction into the language. An example is ''vin blanc'' {{IPA-fr|vɛ̃ blɑ̃|}} ('white wine'), ultimately from [[Latin]] ''vinum'' and ''blancum''.
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| *[[Eclipsis]], a similar process in Gaelic that is often called "nasalization"
| |
| *[[Nasal consonant]]
| |
| *[[Nasal release]]
| |
| *[[Nasal vowel]]
| |
| *[[Nasality (disorder)|Nasality]]
| |
| *[[Prenasalized consonant]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Nasalization| ]]
| |
| [[Category:Phonetics]]
| |
| [[Category:Phonology]]
| |
| [[Category:Historical linguistics]]
| |
| [[Category:Assimilation (linguistics)]]
| |