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| {{Refimprove|date=May 2015}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant]] |
| {{Infobox IPA
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| | above = Alveolar
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| | ipa symbol = ◌͇
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| {{Place_of_articulation}}
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| '''Alveolar consonants''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|v|iː|ə|l|ər|,_|ˌ|æ|l|v|i|ˈ|oʊ|l|ər}}) are [[place of articulation|articulated]] with the tongue against or close to the superior [[alveolar ridge]], which is called that because it contains the [[Dental alveolus|alveoli]] (the sockets) of the superior teeth. Alveolar consonants may be articulated with the tip of the tongue (the [[apical consonant]]s), as in English, or with the flat of the tongue just above the tip (the "blade" of the tongue; called [[laminal consonant]]s), as in French and Spanish. The laminal alveolar articulation is often mistakenly called [[dental consonant|dental]], because the tip of the tongue can be seen near to or touching the teeth. However, it is the rearmost point of contact that defines the place of articulation, is where the oral cavity ends, and it is the resonant space of the oral cavity that gives consonants and vowels their characteristics.
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| {{cns|text=The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants. Rather, the same symbol is used for all [[Coronal consonant|coronal]] places of articulation that are not [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] like English [[Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar]] ''sh'', or [[retroflex]].|date=March 2016}} To disambiguate, the ''bridge'' ({{IPA|[s̪, t̪, n̪, l̪]}}, ''etc.'') may be used for a dental consonant, or the [[retracted (phonetics)|under-bar]] ({{IPA|[s̠, t̠, n̠, l̠]}}, ''etc.'') may be used for the [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolars]]. {{IPA|[s̪]}} differs from dental {{IPA|[θ]}} in that the former is a [[sibilant consonant|sibilant]] and the latter is not. {{IPA|[s̠]}} differs from postalveolar {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in being unpalatalized.{{cn|date=March 2016}}
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| The bare letters {{IPA|[s, t, n, l]}}, etc. cannot be assumed to specifically represent alveolars. The language may not make such distinctions, such that two or more coronal [[Place of articulation|places of articulation]] are found [[Allophone|allophonically]], or the transcription may simply be too broad to distinguish dental from alveolar. If it is necessary to specify a consonant as alveolar, a diacritic from the [[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|Extended IPA]] may be used: {{IPA|[s͇, t͇, n͇, l͇]}}, ''etc.'', though that could also mean extra-retracted.<ref>E.g. in Laver (1994) ''Principles of Phonetics'', p. 559–560</ref> The letters {{angbr|s, t, n, l}} are frequently called 'alveolar', and the language examples below are all alveolar sounds.
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| (The Extended IPA diacritic was devised for [[speech pathology]] and is frequently used to mean "alveolarized", as in the labioalveolar sounds {{IPA|[p͇, b͇, m͇, f͇, v͇]}}, where the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge.)
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| == In IPA ==
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| Alveolar consonants are transcribed in the IPA as follows:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" | IPA
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| ! rowspan="2" | Description
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| ! colspan="4" | Example
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| |-
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| ! Language
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| ! Orthography
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| ! IPA
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| ! Meaning in English
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-n.png]]
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| | [[alveolar nasal]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | ru'''n'''
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| | {{IPA|[ɹʌ'''n''']}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-t.png]]
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| | [[voiceless alveolar stop]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | s'''t'''op
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| | {{IPA|[s'''t'''ɒp]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-d.png]]
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| | [[voiced alveolar stop]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | '''d'''ebt
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| | {{IPA|['''d'''ɛt]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-s.png]]
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| | [[voiceless alveolar fricative]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | '''s'''uit
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| | {{IPA|['''s'''uːt]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-z.png]]
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| | [[voiced alveolar fricative]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | '''z'''oo
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| | {{IPA|['''z'''uː]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-ts.png]]
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| | [[voiceless alveolar affricate]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | pi'''zz'''a
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| | {{IPA|[pi'''t͡s'''ə]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-dz.png]]
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| | [[voiced alveolar affricate]]
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| | [[Italian language|Italian]]
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| | '''z'''aino
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| | {{IPA|[ˈ'''d͡z'''aino]}}
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| | backpack
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-K2.png]]
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| | [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]]
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| | [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
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| | '''ll'''wyd
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| | {{IPA|['''ɬ'''ʊɪd]}}
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| | grey
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-Kslash.png]]
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| | [[voiced alveolar lateral fricative]]
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| | [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
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| | '''dl'''ala
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| | {{IPA|[ˈ'''ɮ'''álà]}}
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| | to play
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| |-
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| ! t͡ɬ
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| | [[voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]]
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| | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
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| | э'''лI'''ни
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| | {{IPA|[ˈʔe̞'''t͡ɬ'''ni]}}
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| | winter
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| |-
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| ! d͡ɮ
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| | [[voiced alveolar lateral affricate]]
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| | ?
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| | ?
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| | ?
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| | ?
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-rslash2.png]]
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| | [[alveolar approximant]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | '''r'''ed
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| | {{IPA|['''ɹ'''ɛd]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-l.png]]
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| | [[alveolar lateral approximant]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | '''l'''oop
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| | {{IPA|['''l'''up]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-l eor5.png]]
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| | [[velarized alveolar lateral approximant]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | mi'''l'''k
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| | {{IPA|[mɪ'''ɫ'''k]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-4.png]]
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| | [[alveolar flap]]
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| | [[English language|English]]
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| | be'''tt'''er
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| | {{IPA|[bɛ'''ɾ'''ɚ]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-lslash.png]]
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| | [[alveolar lateral flap]]
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| | [[Venda language|Venda]]
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| | {{IPA|[vu'''ɺ'''a]}}
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| | to open
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-r.png]]
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| | [[alveolar trill]]
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| | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
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| | pe'''rr'''o
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| | {{IPA|[pe'''r'''o]}}
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| | dog
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| |-
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| ! [[File:IPA alveolar ejective.png]]
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| | [[alveolar ejective]]
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| | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
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| | '''ტ'''ი'''ტ'''ა
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| | {{IPA|['''tʼ'''i'''tʼ'''a]}}
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| | tulip
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| |-
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| ! [[File:IPA alveolar ejective fricative.png]]
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| | [[alveolar ejective fricative]]
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| | [[Amharic language|Amharic]]
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| | '''ጼ'''ጋ
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| | {{IPA|['''sʼ'''ɛɡa]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Alveolar lateral ejective fricative2.PNG]]
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| | [[alveolar lateral ejective fricative]]
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| | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]
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| | п'''лӀ'''ы
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| | {{IPA|[p'''ɬ’'''ə]}}
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-d lessthan.png]]
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| | [[voiced alveolar implosive]]
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| | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
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| | '''đ'''ã
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| | {{IPA|['''ɗ'''ɐː]}}
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| | Past tense indicator
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| |-
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| ! [[File:Xsampa-doublebarslash.png]]
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| | [[alveolar lateral click]] release (many distinct consonants)
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| | [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]]
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| | '''ǁ'''î
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| | {{IPA|['''ǁ'''ĩː]}}
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| | discussed
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| |}
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| [[File:Places of articulation.svg|thumb|250px|Places of articulation ({{cfy|text=passive & active|date=March 2016}}):<br>1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-laminal]]
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| ==Lack of alveolars==
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| The alveolar or dental consonants {{IPA|[t]}} and {{IPA|[n]}} are, along with {{IPA|[k]}}, the most common consonants in human languages.<ref>Ian Maddieson and Sandra Ferrari Disner, 1984, ''Patterns of Sounds.'' Cambridge University Press</ref> Nonetheless, there are a few languages that lack them. A few languages on [[Bougainville Island]] and around [[Puget Sound]], such as [[Makah language|Makah]], lack nasals and therefore {{IPA|[n]}}, but have {{IPA|[t]}}. Colloquial [[Samoan language|Samoan]], however, lacks both {{IPA|[t]}} and {{IPA|[n]}}, but it has a [[lateral alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|/l/}}. (Samoan words written with ''t'' and ''n'' are pronounced with {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} in colloquial speech.) In Standard [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], {{IPA|[t]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/k/}}, but {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} exist.
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| =={{vanchor|Labioalveolar}} consonants==
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| In labioalveolars, the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge. Such sounds are typically the result of a severe overbite. In the [[Extensions to the IPA]] for disordered speech, they are transcribed with the alveolar diacritic on labial letters: {{angbr IPA|m͇ p͇ b͇ f͇ v͇}}.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Index of phonetics articles]]
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| * [[Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers]]
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| * [[Place of articulation]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| * {{SOWL}}
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| {{IPA navigation}}
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| [[Category:Place of articulation]]
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| [[Category:Alveolar consonants|*]]
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