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| {{mergefrom|Mid back rounded vowel|discuss=Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Linguistics#We probably have too many vowel articles|date=August 2019}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel]] |
| {{Infobox IPA
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| |ipa symbol=o
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| |ipa number=307
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| |decimal=111
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| |x-sampa=o
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| |kirshenbaum=o
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| |braille=o
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| }}
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| {{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
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| The '''close-mid back rounded vowel''', or '''high-mid back rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|o}}.
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| For the '''close-mid back rounded vowel''' that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʊ}} or {{angbr IPA|u}}, see [[near-close back rounded vowel]]. If the usual symbol is {{angbr IPA|o}}, the vowel is listed here.
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| ==Close-mid back protruded vowel==
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| The '''close-mid back protruded vowel''' is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|o}}, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for protrusion in the IPA, the symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA| ̫}}, can be used as an ''ad hoc'' symbol {{angbr IPA|o̫}} for the close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|oʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɤʷ}} (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
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| For the '''close-mid near-back protruded vowel''' that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʊ}}, see [[near-close back protruded vowel]]. If the usual symbol is {{angbr IPA|o}}, the vowel is listed here.
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| ===Features===
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| {{close-mid vowel}}
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| {{back vowel}}
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| {{protruded vowel}}
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| ===Occurrence===
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| Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
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| ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
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| |-
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| | [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded mid-high back vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}}"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|b'''o'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[bok]}} || 'goat' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}. The height varies between close-mid {{IPA|[o]}} and mid {{IPAblink|ɔ̝}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded mid-high back vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}}"}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
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| | [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] || [[Amstetten, Lower Austria|Amstetten]] dialect<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=October 2014}} || || ||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian language|'''у'''ста]]}} || {{IPA|[os̪ˈt̪a]}} || 'mouth' || Unstressed allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}}.{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|s'''ó'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[sok]}}|| 'I am'|| See [[Catalan phonology]]
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| | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|瓜]]}} || {{IPA|[ko˩]}} || 'melon' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
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| | [[Czech language|Czech]] || Bohemian{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''o'''k'''o''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈoko]}} || 'eye' || Backness varies between back and near-back; may be realized as mid {{IPAblink|o̞}} instead.{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}} See [[Czech phonology]]
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| | [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Johnson|2010|p=227}} || {{lang|da|[[Dano-Norwegian alphabet|k'''o'''ne]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰoːnə]}} || 'wife' || Also described as near-close {{IPAblink|o̝ː}}.{{sfnp|Uldall|1933|p=?}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=47}} See [[Danish phonology]]
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| | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard [[Belgian Dutch|Belgian]]{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|k'''oo'''l]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-kool.ogg|[koːɫ]}} || 'cabbage' || In the Netherlands often diphthongized to {{IPA|[oʊ]}}. See [[Dutch phonology]]
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| | rowspan="9" | [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Harrington|Cox|Evans|1997}} || rowspan="5" | ''[[English orthography|y'''aw'''n]]'' || rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[joːn]}} || rowspan="5" | 'yawn' || See [[Australian English phonology]]
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| |-
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| | [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=310}} || May be {{IPA|[oʊ]}} or {{IPA|[ɔo]}} instead.
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| |-
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| | [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} || See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
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| |-
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| | [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Roach|2004|p=242}} || Typically transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɔː}}. See [[English phonology]]
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| |-
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| | [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} || General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel. See [[South African English phonology]]
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| | [[General American]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=487}} ||rowspan="4" | [[English orthography|''g'''o''''']] ||rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɡoː]}}||rowspan="4" | 'go' || Most often a closing diphthong {{IPA|[oʊ]}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=487}}
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| | [[Indian English|General Indian]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=626}} ||
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| | [[Pakistani English|General Pakistani]]{{sfnp|Mahboob|Ahmar|2004|p=1009}} || Varies between {{IPA|[oː ~ əʊ ~ ʊ]}}.
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| |-
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| | [[Singapore English|Singaporean]]{{sfnp|Deterding|2000}} ||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|t'''oo'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[toːlʲ]}} || 'chair' || See [[Estonian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 74–75}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|t'''o'''la]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtʰoːla]}} || 'to endure' || May be a diphthong {{IPA|[oɔː ~ oəː]}} instead.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 75}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|rés'''eau''']]}} || {{audio-IPA|Fr-Réseau-fr-Paris.ogg|[ʁezo]}} || 'network' || See [[French phonology]]
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| | rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=90, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''o'''der]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-oder.ogg|[ˈoːdɐ]}} || 'or' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
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| | [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=237}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|sond'''er'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsɞ̝nd̥oˤn]}} || 'except' || Pharyngealized; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ɐ}} in Northern Standard German. The example word is from the [[Chemnitz dialect]].{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=237}}
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| | [[Modern Greek|Greek]] || [[Varieties of Modern Greek|Sfakian]]{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|pp=83–84}} || {{example needed|date=April 2017}} || || || Corresponds to mid {{IPAblink|o̞}} in Modern Standard Greek.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}} See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=94}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|k'''ó'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[koːr]}} || 'disease' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''o'''mbra]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈombrä]}}|| 'shade'|| See [[Italian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[pɪˈpo]}} || 'toad' ||
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| | colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|노래]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|n'''o'''rae]]}} || {{IPA|[noɾε]}} || 'song' || See [[Korean phonology]]
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| | rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish{{sfnp|Thackston|2006a|p=1}}{{sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}]][[Close-mid back rounded vowel#cite%20note-FOOTNOTEThackston2006a1-35|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[35]</span>]]{{sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}
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| |[[Kurmanji|Kurmanji (Northern)]]
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| |{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|r'''o'''j]]}}
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| | rowspan="3" |{{IPA|[roːʒ]}}
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| | rowspan="3" |'day'
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| | rowspan="3" |See [[Kurdish phonology]]
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| |-
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| |[[Sorani|Sorani (Central)]]
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| | rowspan="2" |{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|رۆژ]]}}
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| |-
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| |[[Palewani|Palewani (Southern)]]
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| | [[Latin language|Latin]] || Classical {{sfnp|Wheelock's Latin|1956}} || {{lang|la|[[Latin orthography|s'''o'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[soːl]}} || 'sun' ||
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| | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || Most dialects{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}} || {{lang|li|h'''oo'''f}} || {{IPA|[ɦoːf]}} || 'garden' || The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]].
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| | colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} || {{lang|dsb|w'''o'''cy}} || {{IPA|[ˈβ̞ot̪͡s̪ɪ]}} || '(two) eyes' || Diphthongized to {{IPA|[u̯ɔ]}} in slow speech.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}
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| | colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|S'''o'''nn}} || {{IPA|[zon]}} || 'sun' || Sometimes realized as open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}}.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" |[[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
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| |''sad'''o'''''
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| |{{IPA|[sädoː]}}
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| |'all'
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Stavangersk]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|l'''o'''v]]}} || {{IPA|[lo̟ːʋ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'law' || Near-back.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
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| | [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}} || {{IPA|[loːʋ]}} || Also described as mid {{IPAblink|o̞ː}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=4}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]]
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| |لاک پشت
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| |[lɒkpoʃt]
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| |'turtle'
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''o'''utro]]}}||{{IPA|[owtɾu]}}|| 'other'|| "outro" can be spoken without the "u" /w/.See [[Portuguese phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Saterland Frisian]]{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}} || {{lang|stq|d'''oa'''lje}} || {{IPA|[ˈdo̟ːljə]}} || 'to calm' || Near-back; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔː}}. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{IPA|/ʊ/}} ({{IPAblink|ʊ|ʊ̞}}). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|oː}} is actually near-close {{IPAblink|o̝ː}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}
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| | colspan="2" | [[Shiwiar language|Shiwiar]]{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}}.{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}
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| | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=92}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|telef'''ó'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɛ̝lɛ̝foːn]}} || 'telephone' || Realization of {{IPA|/ɔː/}} reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river [[Ipeľ]], as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid {{IPAblink|ɔ̝ː}} in standard Slovak.{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=92}} See [[Slovak phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]] || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|m'''o'''j]]}} || {{IPA|[mòːj]}} || 'my' || See [[Slovene phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Sotho language|Sotho]]{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} || {{lang|st|[[Sotho orthography|p'''o'''ntsho]]}} || {{IPA|[pʼon̩t͡sʰɔ]}} || 'proof' || Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See [[Sotho phonology]]
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| | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''å'''ka]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|sv-åka.ogg|[²oːcä]}} || 'travel' || Often diphthongized to {{IPA|[oə̯]}}. See [[Swedish phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|мол'''о'''дь]]}} || [ˈmɔlodʲ] || 'youth'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}} || {{lang|hsb|B'''ó'''h}} || {{IPA|[box]}} || 'god' || Diphthongized to {{IPA|[u̯ɔ]}} in slow speech.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=32–33}} See [[Upper Sorbian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]{{sfnp|Tiersma|1999|p=10}} || {{lang|fy|b'''o'''k}} || {{IPA|[bok]}} || 'billy-goat' || See [[West Frisian phonology]]
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| | colspan="2" | [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1969|p=166}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || ||
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| |}
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| ==Close-mid back compressed vowel==
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| {{Infobox IPA
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| |above=Close-mid back compressed vowel
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| |ipa symbol = o͍
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| |ipa symbol2 = ɤᵝ
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| }}
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| There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɤ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɤ]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɤᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɤ]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA| ͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|o͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.
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| Only [[Shanghainese]] is known to contrast it with the more typical ''protruded'' (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
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| ===Features===
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| {{close-mid vowel}}
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| {{back vowel}}
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| {{compressed vowel}}
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| ===Occurrence===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
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| ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
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| |-
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| | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|都]]}} || {{IPA|[tɤᵝ˩]}} || 'capital' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
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| |}
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| | |
| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|30em}}
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| | |
| ==References==
| |
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| |first2=Serhii
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| |year=1995
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| |title=Ukrainian
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| |publisher=Lincom Europa
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| |isbn=9783929075083
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| * {{citation
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| |last=Deterding
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| |first=David
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| |year=2000
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| |chapter=Measurements of the {{IPA|/eɪ/}} and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} vowels of young English speakers in Singapore
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| |editor-last=Brown
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| |editor-first=Adam
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| |editor2-last=Deterding
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| |editor2-first=David
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| |editor3-last=Ling
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| |editor3-first=Low Ee Ling
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| |title=The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation
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| |place=Singapore
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| |publisher=Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics
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| |pages=93–99
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| }}
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| * {{citation
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| |last=Doke
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| |first=Clement Martyn
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| |authorlink=Clement Martyn Doke
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| |last2=Mofokeng
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| |first2=S. Machabe
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| |year=1974
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| |title=Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar
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| |edition=3rd
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| |place=Cape Town
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| |publisher=Longman Southern Africa
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| |isbn=0-582-61700-6
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| }}
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| * {{citation
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| |author1=Dudenredaktion
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| |last2=Kleiner
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| |first2=Stefan
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| |last3=Knöbl
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| |first3=Ralf
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| |year=2015
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| |orig-year=First published 1962
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| |title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch
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| |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ
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| |language=German
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| |edition=7th
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| |location=Berlin
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| |publisher=Dudenverlag
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| |isbn=978-3-411-04067-4
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| }}
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| * {{citation
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| |chapter=Swedish
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| * {{citation
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| |title=Sistema fonológico del idioma achual
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| * {{citation
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| |year=1993
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| |title=French
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874
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| * {{citation
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| |last1=Gilles
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| |first2=Jürgen
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| |year=2013
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| |title=Luxembourgish
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| |volume=43
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| |issue=1
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| |pages=67–74
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| |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278
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| |url=http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf
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| * {{citation
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| |year=1998
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| |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Danish
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| |volume=28
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| |issue=1 & 2
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| |pages=99–105
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| |doi=10.1017/s0025100300006290
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| * {{citation
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| |first2=Flor
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| |year=1999
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| |title=The dialect of Maastricht
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| |publisher=University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies
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| |volume=29
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| * {{citation
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| |title=Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English
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| * {{citation
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| |title=Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)
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| |url=http://academic.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%20Weise%202013%20Upper%20Saxon%20Chemnitz%20dialect.pdf
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| * {{Citation
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| * {{citation
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| |authorlink=Gjert Kristoffersen
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| |year=2000
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| |title=The Phonology of Norwegian
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| |orig-year=First published 1997
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| |title=Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache
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| |year=2010
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| |title=A Course in Phonetics
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| * {{SOWL}}
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| * {{citation
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| |first=Jörg
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| |year=2006
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| |title=The dialect of Hasselt
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| |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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| * {{citation
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| |year=2017
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| |title=Saterland Frisian
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| * {{citation
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| |year=2004
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| |title=British English: Received Pronunciation
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| |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian
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| * {{Accents of English|hide1=y}}
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| {{refend}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * {{phoible|o}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA navigation}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Close-mid vowels]]
| |
| [[Category:Back vowels]]
| |
| [[Category:Rounded vowels]]
| |