Close-mid back unrounded vowel

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"Mid back unrounded vowel" redirects here. For the open-mid vowel, see Open-mid back unrounded vowel.

Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is Template:Angbr IPA, called "ram's horns". It is distinct from the symbol for the voiced velar fricative, Template:Angbr IPA, which has a descender. Despite that, some writings[2] use this symbol for the voiced velar fricative.

Before the 1989 IPA Convention, the symbol for the close-mid back unrounded vowel was Template:Angbr, sometimes called "baby gamma", which has a flat top; this symbol was in turn derived from and replaced the inverted small capital A, ⟨Ɐ⟩, that represented the sound before the 1928 revision to the IPA.[3] The symbol was ultimately revised to be Template:Angbr, "ram's horns", with a rounded top, in order to better differentiate it from the Latin gamma Template:IPAalink.[4] Unicode provides only Template:Unichar, but in some fonts this character may appear as a "baby gamma" instead.

Some languages (e.g. Bulgarian) feature the mid back unrounded vowel, which is slightly lower.Template:Sfnp No language has been found to contrast close-mid and mid back unrounded vowels.

Features

Template:Close-mid vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Unrounded vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bashkir туғыҙ/tuğïð Template:Audio-IPA 'nine'
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp път [pɤ̞t̪] 'path' Mid.Template:Sfnp See Bulgarian phonology
Chinese Mandarin 喝/hē Template:Audio-IPA 'to drink' Usually pronounced as a sequence [ɰɤ̞]. See Standard Chinese phonology
Southern Min 蚵/ô [ɤ˧] 'oyster'
English Cape FlatsTemplate:Sfnp foot [fɤt] 'foot' Possible realization of /ʊ/; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
Indian South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp Possible realization of /ʊ/; may be a weakly rounded Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp kõrv [kɤrv] 'ear' Can be close-mid central Template:IPAblink or close back Template:IPAblink instead, depending on the speaker.Template:Sfnp See Estonian phonology
GayoTemplate:Sfnp kule [kuˈlɤː] 'tiger' Close-mid or mid; one of the possible allophones of /ə/.Template:Sfnp
IbibioTemplate:Sfnp [dɤ̞k˦] 'enter' Mid; typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.Template:Sfnp
Irish Ulster[5] Uladh [ɤl̪ˠu] 'Ulster' See Irish phonology
KaingangTemplate:Sfnp [ˈᵐbɤ] 'tail' Varies between back [ɤ] and central Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Sfnp
Korean Gyeongsang dialect 거기/geogi [ˈkɤ̘ɡɪ] 'there' See Korean phonology
Northern Tiwa Taos dialect [ˌmã̀ˑˈpɤ̄u̯mã̄] 'it was squeezed' May be central Template:IPAblink instead. See Taos phonology
Scottish Gaelic doirbh [d̪̊ɤrʲɤv] 'difficult' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Sundanese ieu [iɤ] 'this'
ThaiTemplate:Sfnp เธอ/thoe [tʰɤː] 'you'

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Template:Vowel terminology
  2. ↑ Such as Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt.
  3. ↑ Template:Cite book
  4. ↑ Nicholas, Nick (2003). "Greek-derived IPA symbols". Greek Unicode Issues. University of California, Irvine. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  5. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt

References

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  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169Template:Dead link
  • Eades, Domenyk; Hajek, John (2006), "Gayo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 107–115, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002416
  • Finn, Peter (2004), "Cape Flats English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 934–984, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992], Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
  • Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Tingsabadh, M. R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746
  • Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550

Template:Refend

External links

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