Close-mid central unrounded vowel

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Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. This is a mirrored letter e, and should not be confused with the schwa Template:Angbr IPA, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed Template:Angbr IPA (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel Template:Angbr IPA.

The Template:Angbr IPA letter may be used with a lowering diacritic Template:Angbr IPA, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.

Conversely, Template:Angbr IPA, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a raising diacritic Template:Angbr IPA to denote the close-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic Template:Angbr IPA to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA Template:Angbr IPA is undefined for rounding).

To type this symbol on Windows, press and hold the ALT key while typing "600" using the number pad keys.

Features

Template:Close-mid vowel Template:Central vowel Template:Unrounded vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Azerbaijani TabrizTemplate:Sfnp qız قیز [ɡɘz] 'girl' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
Cotabato Manobo[3] Template:Example needed May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
Dinka Luanyjang[4] ŋeŋ [ŋɘ́ŋ] 'jawbone' Short allophone of /e/.[4]
English Australian[5][6] bird [bɘːd] 'bird' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Australian English phonology
Southern Michigan[7] [bɚ̝ːd] Rhotacized; typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
Cardiff[8] foot [fɘt] 'foot' Less often rounded Template:IPAblink;[9] corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other dialects. See English phonology
New Zealand[10] bit [bɘt] 'bit' Merger of /ə/ and /ɪ/ found in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology
Southern American[11] nut [nɘt] 'nut' Some dialects.[11] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp kõrv [kɘrv] 'ear' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA; can be close-mid back Template:IPAblink or close back Template:IPAblink instead, depending on the speaker.Template:Sfnp See Estonian phonology
Irish Munster[12] sáile [ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝] 'salt water' Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[12] See Irish phonology
Jebero[13] [ˈiʃɘk] 'bat'
Kaingang[14] [ˈᵐbɘ] 'tail' Varies between central [ɘ] and back Template:IPAblink.[15]
Kalagan Kaagan[16] [miˈwə̝ːʔ] 'lost' Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.[16]
Kensiu[17] [ɟɚ̝h] 'to trim' Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.[17]
Kera[18] [t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠] 'fire' Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.[18]
Korean[19] 어른 [ə̝ːɾɯ̽n] 'senior' May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Korean phonology
Lizu[20] [Fkə̝]Template:What 'eagle' Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[20]
Mapudungun[21] elün [ë̝ˈlɘn] 'to leave (something)'
Mongolian[22] үсэр [usɘɾɘ̆] 'jump'
Mono[23] dœ [də̝] 'be (equative)' May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.[23]
Polish[24] mysz Template:Audio-IPA 'mouse' Somewhat fronted;[24] typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Polish phonology
Romanian Moldavian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp casă [ˈkäsɘ] 'house' Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Shiwiar[25] Template:Example needed
Temne[26] pər [pə̝́r] 'incite' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.[26]
Vietnamese[27] vợ [vɘ˨˩ˀ] 'wife' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Vietnamese phonology
Xumi Upper[28] [LPmɘ̃dɐ] 'upstairs' Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[28] It is realized as mid Template:IPAblink in Lower Xumi.[29]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[30] ne [nɘ] 'and' Most common realization of /e/.[30]

Notes

  1. ↑ Template:Vowel terminology
  2. ↑ For example Template:Harvcoltxt.
  3. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  5. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  6. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  7. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  8. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  9. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  10. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  13. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  14. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  15. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  19. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  21. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  22. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Template:Harvcoltxt The source transcribes this sound with the symbol Template:Angbr IPA but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to [ɘ] than to Template:IPAblink.
  25. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  27. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  29. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Template:Harvcoltxt

References

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  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013a), "Lizu" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242Template:Dead link
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013b), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157Template:Dead link
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169Template:Dead link
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
  • Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Hillenbrand, James M. (2003), "American English: Southern Michigan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
  • Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
  • Kerr, Harland (1988), "Cotabato Manobo Grammar" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1–123, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand; Werner, Stefan (2016), Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna (ed.), "An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels", Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52 (3), doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019
  • Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Gaeilge), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
  • Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-09
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
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