Economy of Pelinai (Pacifica)

Economy of Pelinai

Currency	Hana (HNA, ◎)
Fiscal year	January 1 — December 31
Trade organisations	BCO
Country group	High-income economy
Statistics
Population	142,295,834 (2022)
GDP	$5.612 trillion (nominal; 2022) $7.449 trillion (PPP; 2022)
GDP rank	4th (nominal; 2022)
GDP growth	2.2% (2020) 2.1% (2021) 2.4% (2022)
GDP per capita	$39,438 (nominal; 2022) $52,347 (PPP; 2022)
GDP per capita rank	20th (nominal; 2022)
GDP by sector	Agriculture: 5.2% Industry: 35.7% Services: 59.1% (2022 est.)
GDP by component	Private consumption: 50.3% Government consumption: 19.4% Fixed capital formation: 31.3% Exports of goods & services: 9.4% Imports of goods & services: -9.2% (2022 est.)
Inflation (CPI)	1.08% (2022)
Population below poverty line	15.8% at or near poverty line (2022)
Gini coefficient	33.8 (2022)
Human Development Index	0.912 (2022)
Main industries	Mining & ore processing Petroleum & petrochemicals Steelmaking Electronics Aerospace products Armaments Advanced technology Shipbuilding Telecommunications equipment Machine tools Information technology Chemicals Fishing & aquaculture Consumer products, including perfume and jewelry
Public finances
Foreign reserves	$1.932 trillion (2020)
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in International Dollars (INT$).

The Economy of Pelinai consists of a high-income mixed social market economy with a high degree of focus on mining and manufacturing under the direction of government industrial policies. It is the largest economy directly bordering the Mediterranean Sea in absolute terms, with a nominal GDP of $5.61 trillion in 2022, though its median household income and GDP per capita continue to lag behind regional and global averages.

Pelinai possesses one of the world’s largest single-state populations, the consumer market of which supports the majority of the Pelinese economy; other significant contributors include government expenditure (primarily military) and exports of goods and services. It also has minimal-barriers access to the broader Bailtemmic market through its membership in the Bailtemmic Cooperation Organization, giving it a high degree of access to both imported products and export markets for goods.

As a late industrializing country with a strong tradition of government action as a developmental state extending back to the communist era, Pelinai possesses an economic system that is subject to varying degrees of state intervention and direction in pursuit of goals such as economic growth, industrialization, and the domestic establishment of strategically significant industries. It possesses a wide variety of state-owned enterprises and keiretsu assemblies, many of which are direct organizational descendants of Belogoran-era state-operated factories and design bureaus; the normal purpose of these entities is to facilitate the reliable domestic production of goods and services desired by the Pelinese government, along with the provision of stability and investment in capital-intensive sectors of the Pelinese economy.

The Pelinese economy is heavily weighted towards the manufacturing sector relative to other nations at its income level, particularly heavy industrial sectors such as electronics, machine tooling & other industrial machinery, steelmaking, vehicles, aerospace, chemicals, and armaments. It is also a significant producer of several types of consumer goods, such as perfume and jewelry, which constitute a large fraction of Pelinai’s total export value.

History

The modern Pelinese state came into being in 1983 under generally unfavorable economic conditions. Despite possessing significant known reserves of lucrative natural resources such as mineral ores and petroleum, as well as early leads in innocative technologies such as aircraft, its predecessor states had largely fallen behind on economic and technological competitiveness against the gloabl average by the 1970s; while efforts to resolve this problem were made with some success by the short-lived communist regime from 1976 to 1979, these gains would later be reversed by the Pelinese Civil War that occurred from 1979 to 1982. Civil War-era military operations caused extensive damage to the Pelinese state’s total human and material capital resources, resulting in widespread hunger problems and a severe lack of free resources necessary to effectively utilize what few economic opportunities remained available.

The exact causes of the subsequent reversal of this situation and Pelinai’s elevation from a developing country to a major economic industrial power remain debated among scholars, but are generally taken to include postwar reconstruction programs’ focus on establishing reliable infrastructure and an improving ability to generate and utilize capital resources. State factors such as support for educational institutions and the usage of state-operated enterprises to facilitate the supply of basic production equipment also ensured the ability of Pelinese companies to access resources necessary for operation and growth. Annual economic growth rates have slowed significantly since 2011 as Pelinai’s economy reduces its ratio of underutilized resources, but remain at a steady average of 2-3% per year.

Development

Industrial policies since 1984

Main article: Five-year plans of Pelinai (Pacifica)

Pelinai has implemented a total of nine five-year plans to date, beginning with the first in 1984 and ending with the current 2024-2028 plan. They have been the Pelinese government’s primary method of planning and implementing strategic development goals that it has pursued in recent decades; some components of industrial policy are also decided in coordination with the relevant offices of the Bailtemmic Commission. Much of the Pelinese state’s investment has historically been directed towards infrastructure projects in concordance with the principles of infrastructure-based development, particularly in the period from 1984 to 2002.

Keiretsu

Most sectors of the Pelinese economy that involve large companies are organized into groups of large, cross-shareholding business constructs referred to as keiretsu. These constructs may take either horizontal or vertical organizational structures around a main bank, and serve to increase economic stability, facilitate long-term-focused planning and business strategy, suppress corporate raiding, increase production efficiency and reduce costs through vertical integration, and share risks between business firms in different sectors. Most Pelinese keiretsu are concentrated in heavy industry and other capital-intensive sectors, including the great majority of keiretsu with significant state involvement, but also exist to varying degrees in other sectors such as retail and finance.

The vertical keiretsu model first arose in Pelinai during the 1980s as a continuation of the state-operated manufacturing supply chains established during the planned economy era of the late 1970s, and were initially used as a method through which these constructs could be transferred to operation in a market economy environment. Both it and the horizontal model later came to be adopted by various firms in the private sector as a stability-promoting business group structure and a vehicle for promoting industrialization. Most major keiretsu established in Pelinai during this time period remain operational today, though some have since merged with each other into ‘super-keiretsu’ business groups or centralized into unitary companies.

Keiretsu in Pelinai vary greatly in size and importance. Many smaller keiretsu consist of only a handful of central companies and their associated business partners, while a major industrial combine like Beresako may contain up to two dozen major firms and many more smaller supporting companies. Major keiretsu contain many of the most significant Pelinese companies in heavy industrial sectors and collectively comprise a notable fraction of its total GDP.

Sectors

The Pelinese economy is domestic consumption-oriented and weighted towards manufacturing and services, with relatively little economic output from agriculture as a percentage of GDP. A high degree of economic diversification within sectors is also present. The most internationally significant economic sectors of Pelinai are aerospace, electronics, machine building, mining, and petrochemicals, followed by automobiles, software, shipbuilding, and luxury goods.

Agriculture

Agriculture remains a well-supported sector of the Pelinese economy despite low relative contribution in comparison to competing economic activities, and continues to be viewed by Pelinese state industrial policies as a critical underpinning of the wider economic structure. High utilizable crop yields per unit area allow the agricultural sector to remain largely competitive against imported products despite its possession of a comparatively small arable land area of 8.1 million hectares; Pelinai is a major global producer of staple crops like corn, green beans and butter beans, peanuts, potatoes, rice, and squash, as well as other crops like cherries, chili and bell peppers, pecans, cinnamon, citrus fruits, peaches, raspberries, roses, strawberries, tea, and watermelons. Highland terrain in and around the Yukisora Mountains facilitates the commercial farming of cold-weather crops like potatoes, while tropical produce like bananas and cinnamon may be grown in the tropical rainforests of Sevaria; most other plants are grown in the temperate, humid subtropical climate that covers most of Pelinai, especially in the Marahu River Valley region.

The ubiquitous presence of highly fertile volcanic ash soil, along with the rivers of the Marahu River Valley, have remained the foundation of agricultural productivity within the region of Pelinai since antiquity. Several factors, such as continuing mechanization of agriculture, improved rural infrastructure increasing the accessibility between farms and markets for food, and newly implemented government subsidies on the purchase of high-yield, pest-resistant genetically modified crops, have contributed to a significant rise in agricultural yield per unit area of arable land from the late 1980s to the present era. Loss rates of agricultural products due to spoilage are typically under 5% by mass per year due to more effective transportation and refrigeration.

Pelinese agricultural composition produces a number of culturally specific goods that are largely peculiar to Pelinai; these include alligator meat and leather, frog legs, roses, and scuppernongs. Roses in particular are one of Pelinai’s most important agricultural products in terms of both cultural importance and value of exported goods, and Pelinai produces a significant portion of the world’s roses, rose water, and rose oil.

Crops

Crops grown in Pelinai are primarily those that are suited to humid subtropical or tropical climates: the most significant staple crops include corn, rice, and legumes such as green beans and butter beans. Other sectors of high economic presence include tea, spices, peppers, citrus fruits, stone fruits, and melons, while cotton is also grown in alternation with peanuts and other legumes. Cold-weather foods such as potatoes are also produced in regions such as the Yukisora Mountains.

Corn is native to the broader south Bailtem region, and has remained the most established grain in Pelinai since antiquity: it constitutes approximately 79.1% of all grain consumed domestically in 2019 and is planted on 84.3% of all Pelinese land area used for grain production. A wide array of varieties are cultivated at a commercial scale, primarily including dent corn, sweet corn, and popcorn, and together represent a significant staple grain crop used in a wide range of Pelinese foods as well as industrial products like chemicals and ethanol biofuel. It is grown in all areas of Pelinai where commercial agriculture is conducted, especially lowland areas with comparatively warmer winter temperatures.

Citrus and stone fruits are both economically significant crops in Pelinai, due primarily to humid climate conditions which allow for the effective large-scale cultivation of a wide variety of such tropical and subtropical fruit trees in Sevaria and the rest of Pelinai, respectively. Important fruit crops include oranges, lemons, and limes in tropical areas, as well as peaches, cherries, and apricots further from the equator. Pelinai is a globally significant producer of peaches and cherries in particular, both of which are most commonly grown in Loshkaria and southwestern Stelossia.

A wide selection of natively developed tea cultivars are widely grown in Pelinai, primarily for domestic consumption as black tea in sweet tea and other beverages. Most cultivation of high-quality tea occurs in high-altitude regions like Yukisora and the mountainous sections of Stelossia and Sevaria.

Spices produced in large quantities in Pelinai primarily include chili peppers, true cinnamon, dill, garlic, and mustard seeds; among these, chili peppers and true cinnamon are the most valuable by produced and exported crop values per year. Pelinai is one of the largest cultivators of chili pepper varieties in the world, with a total output of over 1 million tonnes of capsicum annuum peppers in 2022.

Fishing and aquaculture

Pelinai possesses a large and highly developed industry dedicated to the production of seafood. The wild-caught harvesting of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, jellyfish, and seaweed is practiced commercially across both marine and freshwater environments as appropriate, and is additionally supplemented by extensive aquaculture production of farming-friendly seafood like carp, catfish, crawfish, mussels, shrimp, and tilapia. Since the 1980s, it has also controversially grown into a globally significant producer of whale meat and other whale products.

The wild-caught fishing and harvesting industry of Pelinai is large in size, operating a fishing fleet of roughly 1,800 vessels of 100 tonnes displacement or more. It is much more omnivorous than typical, with a high rate of utilization for bycatch and an extremely wide variety of seafood types commercially harvested. Major types of seafood caught in the wild by Pelinese fisheries include bonito, conger eels, crabs, herring, mackerel, perch, porgies, sardines, shrimp, and squid, as well as other seafood like jellyfish, seaweed, and whales. In addition to operating within Pelinai’s exclusive economic zone, the Pelinese fishing fleet also maintains long-range boats and factory ships to facilitate the harvesting of distant, cold-water dwellers like whales and cod.

Aquaculture practices in Pelinai are widespread: methods employed include both traditional methods such as raising fish in rice paddies and newer technology-based techniques for the farming of shrimp and other seafood products. Pelinai is an industry leader in the aquaculture of marine mussels, with a total production of approximately 400,000 tonnes in 2022; other major types of farmed seafood include carp, catfish, clams, crawfish, shrimp, and tilapia, which accounted for roughly 87% of Pelinese aquaculture industry sales by monetary value in 2022.

Floriculture

Floriculture is an exceptionally widespread practice in Pelinai due to the high demand for ingredients to use in perfumes, tea, and food: Pelinai is one of the world’s largest commercial producers of roses, orange blossoms, hibiscus flowers, Sakura blossoms, and other types of flower for usage in the production of goods, and is a center for the development of new flower cultivars. Traditional centers of cultivation and processing include Yukisora and Samara, while northern Sevaria has emerged as another focus since 2008.

Roses are especially widely cultivated in Pelinai: it is home to a particularly large variety of specialized cultivars with varying uses, as well as a strong base of experienced growers and equipment. The largest and most well-known single-region source of roses in Pelinai is the Hanairo Valley in Samara, which grew roughly 47% of Pelinai’s total rose output in 2021 and is recognized both at home and internationally as a global center for the production of high-quality roses, rose water, and rose oil.

Livestock

Animal husbandry is a relatively underdeveloped industry in Pelinai when compared to other agricultural land applications like crop farming and aquaculture; chickens have remained the most significant commercially raised animal, with a current flock of over 2 billion as of 2022, but have been supplemented with growing domestic herds of hogs and cattle. The meat, dairy, and animal feed industries are projected to experience significant growth in Pelinai as rising household incomes drive increases in per capita consumption of meat and animal products, particularly chicken, eggs, and dairy products.

Poultry birds are the most significant farm animals in Pelinai as of 2022 in terms of value produced; broiler and egg production accounted for roughly $80.2 billion dollars of utilized product value in 2022, in addition to further sales of ducks, turkeys, and other birds. Strong domestic demand driven by increases in household incomes and ability to afford chicken in particular has driven the rapid expansion of poultry farming in Pelinai, which has grown by over 45% since 1990.

Cattle raising has historically comprised a comparatively small component of the Pelinese agricultural sector, but has grown in importance since the late nineteenth century with the introduction of silage and other production innovations. Due to price competition against beef by established alternatives like pork and chicken, the majority of cattle herds in Pelinai are used for dairy farming.

Frog farms are widespread in the western regions of Pelinai, which is one of the world’s principal producers and consumers of frog legs. Production is largely concentrated around the marshlands of the Marahu Delta region, which possess a warm climate and aquatic environment conducive to the raising of bullfrogs.

Industry & manufacturing

See also: Manufacturing in Pelinai (Pacifica)

Heavy industrial activities and manufacturing have emerged as a primary cornerstone of the Pelinese economy within the past 40 years, primarily due to the ongoing efforts of industrial policymakers to encourage the development of electronics and other high-value manufacturing sectors. The majority of heavy industrial ventures since 1990 have been partially or fully state-backed due to high capital intensiveness; large state investments throughout the 1990s to 2010s contributed greatly to the development of significant Pelinese aerospace, electronics, machine building, shipbuilding, and steelmaking industries, as did improved freight infrastructure, cheap nuclear-supplied electricity, a string government demand for industrial goods, and easy access to raw materials. Growth of industrial and consumer spending capacity have led to the rise of Pelinai as a significant producer and consumer of chemical products, consumer goods, electronics, metals, and other industrial outputs.

Industrial parks are widespread in Pelinai, particularly in areas with ready access to skilled workers, raw materials, and logistics connections; the most nationally significant multi-sector concentrations of manufacturing and related facilities include Tsugunare, Shizukaiyō, Korolyeviya, and Botanhata, while smaller cities and towns like Yarimaka often develop an economic base that specializes in one particular sector such as aerospace or armaments.

The status of the Pelinese Armed Forces as one of Pelinai’s largest and most consistent single-entity consumers of heavy industrial products has partially influenced the relative prioritization of industrial sectors by both private investors and state industrial planners, and has helped fund the development of strong domestic industries in the aerospace, automotive, armaments, clothing, electronics, petrochemicals, shipbuilding, and related sectors through its purchasing.

Aerospace industries

The aerospace design and manufacturing industry of Pelinai is one of the oldest and most extensive in the world, with a history extending back to the first tests of early Pelinese multiplane designs in the 1910s. The modern Pelinese aerospace complex now employs approximately 410,000 people and consists of a large assemblage of specialized, well-established manufacturers, most of which are partially or wholly state-owned; major areas of focus include military aircraft, missiles, and satellites, with smaller domestic markets for civil airliners and small civilian aircraft.

The fixed-wing aircraft industry of Pelinai is largely divided into two categories: companies which specialize in designing or manufacturing aircraft only, and companies that manufacture their own designs (normally referred to as an “Integrated Design Bureau” or “IDB” within Pelinai). Companies with design departments are further subdivided by preferred aircraft type. The most successful design bureau in Pelinai as of 2020 is Aetherdyne IDB, which primarily produces major RPAF and RPNAS fighter aircraft such as the Ae-15 and Ae-16. Integrated manufacturer/designer Nanohi IDB designs primarily military strike and bomber aircraft such as the Na-17 Marahu heavy bomber, along with some smaller cargo aircraft. Kaiyoko-Ruzikov and Torikov IDB both focus on designing civilian airliners for customers such as Pelinese flag carrier White Sakura Airlines, but also possesses significant military transport and specialized conversion aircraft businesses. Sesako Aerial Systems specializes in the design of UAVs for filming, utility, and search and rescue purposes, as well as military strike and reconnaissance tasks. Sochaiko Aviation builds propeller-driven light aircraft and seaplanes for general aviation and pilot training purposes, as well as a limited selection of light combat aircraft such as the So-12 Kinzaru counterinsurgency and light attack aircraft. Rūna builds business jets and general aviation aircraft for primarily civilian usage, along with multi-engine primary trainers.

Armaments industry

Pelinai possesses one of the most extensive and diverse armaments manufacturing bases in the world, driven primarily by a combination of consumption by state customers such as the Pelinese Armed Forces and civilian customers purchasing lighter weapons and ammunition for personal use. It is one of the world’s largest manufacturers and exporters of small arms, ammunition, firearm accessories, and other associated products intended for civilian, police, and other non-military usage, while its maximum production capacity for artillery shells, armored fighting vehicles, missiles, and other heavy military armaments is estimated to be extremely high. Major Pelinese military-oriented manufacturers such as Yarimaka Artillery Foundry, Fuyumako Heavy Industries, and KMZ are often partially or wholly state-operated, while producers of civilian-marketed products are more commonly private companies.

The Pelinese ammunition manufacturing sector is a significant component of its wider armaments industry, and supplies the vast majority of demand from both state and civilian customers in Pelinai. It consists of a wide variety of state-owned and private companies that produce a broad selection of ammunition types for various firearms and artillery weapons of both domestic and foreign manufacture; examples of major Pelinese companies producing ammunition cartridges include White Standard Ammunition, Shelesta, Tigr, and Istrota, while guided missiles and artillery shells are typically designed by Yarimaka Artillery Foundry or Sephidyne IDB.

Electronics industries

The Pelinese electronics sector, encompassing the design and manufacture of semiconductors and integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, assembled electronic subsystems, and finished electronic devices, comprises a large fraction of Pelinai’s heavy industrial base and manufacturing supply chain. It is primarily concentrated around the city of Kikayu, Stelossia, which was an early production center for radios and vacuum tube-based digital computers before opening the first Pelinese integrated circuit factory in 1994.

Semiconductor production in Pelinai forms the foundation of its wider electronics industry, with 54 major production facilities for integrated circuits currently in operation as of September 2022. Access to cutting-edge manufacturing technology such as EUV lithography allows the Pelinese semiconductor manufacturing base to produce the most advanced generation of integrated circuits; it maintains a position as one of the world’s largest IC design and production centers as well, with over ◎19 billion in sales volume to domestic and export customers in 2020. The largest Pelinese semiconductor production companies by sales volume as of 2021 include integrated device manufacturers Shirame Electronics and Pelektronik, as well as fabless circuit design firm Moniya.
In addition to integrated circuits, the Pelinese electrical-electronics sector is supported by a wide variety of manufacturers producing discrete electrical components such as switches, resistors, capacitors, and thyristors. Unlike in the extremely capital-intensive integrated circuit industry, the relative ease with which these smaller components can be manufactured means that the sector is composed primarily of a wide variety of small and medium-sized producers that contract sales of components to device manufacturers; a notable exception to this is in the production of electrolytic capacitors, the majority of which are instead manufactured by chemicals firms.

Food processing industries

The manufacture and bottling of beverages has remained a significant part of the Pelinese food processing industry since 1917, when the first commercial bottling plant was opened in Hanahi, Samara. Longstanding cultural and legal prohibitions in Pelinai against the consumption of alcohol have steered its beverage industry towards being wholly specialized in the manufacture of nonalcoholic products, such as tea, dairy drinks, and fruit juices: its most important beverages by volume of production in 2021 included varieties of sweet tea, coffee, and coke, as well as de-alcoholized versions of fermented drinks like kefir and kvass. Major domestic brands include coke producer Yaru and dairy company Ittōhi.

Shipbuilding

The boat and ship building industry of Pelinai forms a significant sector of the wider Pelinese transportation manufacturing industry as well as a globally significant source of both small and oceangoing vessels; its primary commercial products include container ships, tanker ships, bulk carriers, feeder ships, and other international commerce vessels, as well a a variety of tugboats, pusher boats, barges, and other utility vessels. It possesses extensive and growing concurrent building capacity divided across 27 major and many more minor shipyards located on both the Mediterranean and Eastern coastlines, including both commercial-grade yards and facilities certified to build warships for the Pelinese military. Major yards building oceangoing ships in Pelinai include Shiroimizu Naval Yard, VostMash, Pelograd Royal Shipyard, and Toyotomi Marine Engineering.

Mining and extraction

The mining and extraction industries in Pelinai are some of the largest in Pelinai by both volume of ores produced and monetary value. Large spikes occurred in the production volume of major raw industrial materials such as iron ores, bauxite, chromite, limestone, coal, crude oil, silica, and other resources throughout the 1990s and early 2000s due to growing demand from construction and the expanding Pelinese manufacturing sector, while other factors such as innovations in mining technology and the increased presence and reliability of freight rail access and other infrastructure in mining areas have also facilitated greater yearly mining output. Further mining activities have since led Pelinai to become one of the largest producers of mineral and petroleum resources in the world, with significant output of a wide array of common industrial materials, technology-critical materials, and energy resources. Its most extensive sectors of production as of 2022 include crude oil, natural gas, & coal, chromium, gold, iron, phosphate, antimony, platinum group metals, aluminum, silver, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, uranium, rare earth elements, copper, and vanadium, while a wide selection of other resources are also mined independently or extracted alongside the aforementioned. A large range of natural gemstones such as diamonds, corundums, quartzes, beryls, and tourmaline are also found in abundance throughout Pelinai, particularly in Samara, Yukisora, and Stelossia.

The types of ore deposits found in Pelinai vary by area, but are primarily volcanic in origin: occurrences in Pelinai primarily consist of iron oxide copper gold deposits, volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, layered igneous intrusions, volcanic-related hematite formations, and volcanic pipes. Other types of ore deposits such as coal formations and heavy mineral sands are also worked where they are found, as are the large offshore petroleum and natural gas fields in the Eastern Ocean.

Coal, petroleum, & natural gas

Pelinai possesses extensive stocks of mineral-based energy resources, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are distributed throughout the country and its maritime exclusive economic zone. In addition to usage as fuel for internal combustion engines, turbines, and other shaft power generation systems, much of Pelinese energy mineral production is used to produce industrial chemicals and raw materials like coke, polymers, and commodity chemicals.

Approximately 40.2 billion tonnes of total proven coal reserves are located and mined throughout all five federal regions in Pelinai, though the largest and most industrially significant coal mines are located in mountainous areas of north-central Stelossia; other mines of significance are located in Loshkaria near Dainēsa and in far southern Sevaria. Approximately 64% of coal found in Pelinese mines by tonnage is general-purpose bituminous coal, with smaller amounts of other coal ranks such as lignite and anthracite also being mined. Due to the high prevalence of nuclear and other non-coal based electricity generation methods in Pelinai, non-electricity industrial consumers are the largest domestic market for Pelinese coal. The most principal use among these is the conversion of (primarily bituminous) metallurgical coal into coke for use in the production of pig iron for the steel industry; other destinations include conversion into chemicals and petroleum-like fuels through coal liquefaction and coal gasification, as well as the export market.
Industrial-scale coal mining and consumption is expected to continue at or above its current pace in Pelinai into the foreseeable future despite Pelinai’s non-reliance on coal-based electricity generation, due primarily to fundamental requirements of the Pelinese steel industry for access to coal coke.

The combined oil extraction industry is one of the most significant primary industries in Pelinai by value, driven both by abundant domestic oil formations and by the presence of several other highly oil- and fuel-consuming industries and other activities in Pelinai. Approximately 131.9 billion barrels of proven reserves exist in Pelinai between terrestrial wells, offshore wells, and a variety of unconventional source formations such as oil shale and tar sands, approximately 7-8.5 million barrels of which are extracted per day; the most significant oil wells are located in southern Stelossia, the Seiko Sea, and the Eastern Ocean, which together harvest approximately 72% of Pelinai’s total extracted oil daily. Typical destinations for Pelinese petroleum include conversion into fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel, production of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers, and use in the chemicals industry as a feedstock for non-plastic petrochemical products such as adhesives, lubricants, and coatings. Because Pelinai’s petrochemical output capacity significantly exceeds its domestic consumption, much of its crude oil, gasoline, diesel, and other petroleum resource production is also exported abroad.
Oil harvested in Pelinai is predominantly light crude oil of the sweet type, though the fraction of its petroleum sourced from deposit types like tar sands is much heavier and requires upgrading to be used in most applications other than road construction.

Gemstones

Gemstone mining has been practiced in regions of Pelinai since antiquity, when Bronze- and Iron-Age states such as the Neo-Samarahi Empire and the Polyar Karaltsate mined stones such as lapis lazuli, carnelian, malachite and chalcedony to manufacture jewelry. All of these stones are still mined in significant quantities in Pelinai today, along with other gemstones such as diamond, corundum, beryl, tourmaline, quartz, spinel, zircon, peridot, orthoclase and moonstone, garnet, and jade. Some mines in the central Yukisora Mountains also produce trapiche emeralds and other similarly patterned mineral formations.

Other

Persistently cheap electricity prices and a high domestic industrial demand for liquid oxygen, nitrogen, noble gases, and other similar products have facilitated the development of a large cryogenic air separation industry in Pelinai since the early 2000s. It is one of the largest global exporters of cryogenic extraction products for industrial uses, particularly noble gases such as neon and argon.

Pelinai possesses extensive reserves of granite, marble, mica, slate, basalt, gypsum, and other economically important rocks, which are harvested for use as dimension stone and a variety of specialized industrial applications. It is a significant producer of granite and mica in particular, along with clays such as kaolinite.

High-quality quartz sand is readily available in southwestern Pelinai, particularly in Loshkaria and Yukisora, and is extensively harvested for usage in cement production, glassmaking, and other industrial applications. The sand fields in far western Yukisora are estimated to possess at least 200 million tonnes of usable sand, of which approximately 700,000 tonnes on average are harvested each year. Nearby occurrences of sandstone and quartzite are also taken from the same regions for construction.

Services

Luxury goods

Pelinai is a longstanding producer of a variety of luxury goods for the Mediterranean, and various regions of Pelinai are well-known traditional manufacturers of cut precious stones, jewelry, perfume, incense, fine wood products, and other special goods.

Extensive traditions of perfume use in Samarahi, Sevar, and Pelinese culture, as well as easy access to common perfume ingredients like cinnamon, jasmine, orange blossom water, rose oil & rose water, and vanilla, have contributed to the development of an extensive and highly advanced perfumery industry in Pelinai; it continues to be one of the largest and most prestigious exporters of perfumes, and an extensive domestic market supports a wide variety of both large manufacturers and artisan labels.

Faceted gemstones, jewelry, cut precious stones, and other precious stone crafts are an artisan industry sector of significant size and cultural importance in Pelinai. Historically and currently significant sources of precious stones include gemstone mines in Loshkaria and Stelossia, along with trade routes connecting to other Mediterranean nations; these sources supply large quantities of diamonds, precious rocks, species of corundum, beryl, quartz, spinel, and other precious stones to dedicated gemstone cutters and other artisan workshops, which are largely concentrated in the city of Sankt Perinaigrad in western Stelossia. An art form traditional to Stelossian and Pelinese culture is the creation of crystal paintings, where relatively turbid pieces of beryl, quartz, and other gemstones are cut and assembled into scenes in a similar manner to stained glass; more expensive examples may also have faceted or otherwise processed pieces to improve clarity or general appearance. Hardstone cameos and cameo incrustations are also produced in Pelinai, typically using agate.

Software

Pelinai possesses a successful, self-contained video games industry, which comprises one of its largest entertainment sectors by revenue. Other major software products produced in Pelinai include CAD software and productivity software.

The most popular search engine in Pelinai is Nanese, which is developed and maintained by Botanhata-based software company Sezakon.

Financial system

The industrialization and general economic revitalization of Pelinai since the 1990s has prompted significant growth in its banking & financial services sector, with the number and average size of Pelinese financial institutions both increasing in order to better provide the captial raising functions and other services utilized by a modern industrial economy. It is divided between private & publicly traded financial institutions, which serve most financial services needs in Pelinai, and a variety of state-operated enterprises, which are primarily associated with state keiretsu, trading exchanges, and policy enactment banks.

Banks

Major banks operating in Pelinai fall into one of several categories based on their ownership and the nature of their interactions with other firms. Banks around which Pelinese keiretsu are structured are typically referred to as “main banks” and, in addition to providing normal retail and wholesale banking services to the public and other corporations, serve as the central managing entities for their keiretsu by managing cross-shareholding, providing management guidance, and performing emergency bailout & restructuring operations for their associated firms. This category includes state-associated banks such as Aguraya Financial Group and Beresako Financial Services, as well as private companies like Aruma. Non-keiretsu state-owned banks like the Agricultural Bank of Pelinai and the State Industrial Investment Bank of Pelinai perform activities such as loan issuance and capital investment, typically to one or more specific sectors of the economy, in the interest of enacting Pelinese state industrial policy goals through the provision of financial capital. The third category of non-state, non-keiretsu banks encompasses the varieties of banks typical to elsewhere; banks of this type in Pelinai often take the form of smaller local banks and credit unions, though some larger commercial and investment banks exist in Pelinai to provide financial services to companies that are not affiliated with a keiretsu.

Securities and exchanges

Pelinai possesses an active financial markets system covering the full range of marketable securities and derivatives, including stocks, bonds, money market instruments, futures contracts, and more.

The two primary stock exchanges of Pelinai are the Pelinese State Securities Exchange (PELEX), which is located in Tsugunare, and the Letograd Stock Exchange (LTUSX), both of which are operated by the Pelinese Directorate of Securities Regulation; the two exchanges together trade the majority of stock in Pelinai by market capitalization traded, as well as all publicly traded shares of Pelinese state-owned enterprises. Other important trading exchanges in Pelinai include the Korolyeviya Unified Commodities Exchange, the Pelinese Agricultural Exchange, and the State Energy Resources Exchange, which trade commodities and the derivatives contracts associated with them.

Currency

Main article: Pelinese Hana (Pacifica)

Pelinai’s national currency is the Hana, using the currency code HNA and the currency symbol ◎; its centimal subdivision is the hanabira, or ♭. It is primarily issued by the Reserve Bank of Pelinai, with physical currency units being produced by the Ministry of the Treasury through the Directorate of Printing and the Pelinese National Mint.

The Hana is a fiat currency utilizing a floating exchange rate, having exited usage of a partial gold standard in 1989 after securing faith in the value of the (then-) newly established currency.

Regulation

The banking, insurance, and other financial services sector of Pelinai is subject to stringent regulation by multiple government departments, primarily including the Pelinese Directorate of Securities Regulation (DSR(P)), the Directorate of Finance Regulation (DFR(P)), and the Office for State Depository Insurance (OSDI).

Banks are primarily regulated by a combination of the Directorate of Finance Regulation, which possesses banking regulation authority, and the Office for State Depository Insurance, which sets the conditions that must be met by banks in order to maintain government guarantees on their customer deposit accounts. Banking risk management requirements like minimum capital adequacy and leverage ratios are generally higher for Pelinese firms relative to the global baseline, with reserve requirements especially being actively varied by the Reserve Bank of Pelinai on a per-month basis in response to market conditions in order to vary the money supply available to the broader Pelinese economy.

Financial securities of both exchange-traded and over-the-counter varieties are regulated by the Pelinese Directorate of Securities Regulation, which is tasked with the prevention of fraud and market manipulation, the identification and restriction of systemically risky market activities, and the facilitation of orderly financial market activity in Pelinai.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure, logistics networks, and energy production and distribution systems in Pelinai are extensive and highly developed, due in large part to a strong government focus on ensuring the adequate provision of transportation and communications capacity for economic and military purposes. Early government development goals concerning infrastructure in the mid-1980s were primarily concerned with repairing the extensive damage to roads, bridges, rail links, electricity generation and distribution equipment, municipal water, and other key infrastructure sustained during the course of the Pelinese Civil War, with a secondary focus on improvement goals such as replacing destroyed systems with modernized equipment and extending service into new geographical areas. Most infrastructure in Pelinai is thus relatively new, with most older systems still in service only dating back to the ~1985-1995 period; equipment in major cities and other focused areas is generally newer than this due to later upgrades to capacity.

Rebuilding efforts during the 1980s and 1990s focused primarily on building up services inside and between major cities, as well as to certain “hub” regions located in critical but outlying areas such as important agricultural and mining regions. Following this initial layer of construction, which consisted primarily of roads, railroads, electricity, cable, and telephone lines, and municipal services, subsequent plans and construction from 1995 to 2000 began expanding connectivity to more rural areas and mountainous regions. Full core infrastructure services successfully reached the majority of rural areas by 2008, followed in later years by cellular networks, internet cable, and other connectivity services.

Infrastructure construction, maintenance, and repair programs in Pelinai continue to enjoy substantial investments from a wide variety of sources, particularly from state sources and development banks like the State Industrial Investment Bank and the Bailtemmic Infrastructure and Development Bank. Current areas of focus include installing further high-speed rail service, upgrading commercial harbor capacities, and improving infrastructure connections to neighboring states, as well as enhancing data connectivity through the laying of additional fiber optic internet cable between key business areas.

Energy

Hydroelectric energy

Hydroelectric dams are rare in Pelinai due to the relative lack of suitable rivers, having accounted for approximately 5.8% of the total national electricity generation capacity as of 2018. The largest dams are concentrated in eastern Stelossia and Sevaria in order to utilize the rivers flowing towards the Eastern Ocean from the Yukisora Mountains; the most notable among these is the Kawareka Dam near Korolyeviya, which supplied approximately 49.6% of the city’s electricity in 2023.

Nuclear energy

Nuclear energy is the largest source of grid electricity in Pelinai, contributing approximately 76.2% of Pelinai’s total grid energy consumption in 2021. It has grown steadily in capacity since the first Pelinese commercial fission reactor was activated in 2006; 54 reactors are currently in operation across 14 separate sites in Pelinai as of 2022, with a further 18 reactors under active construction.

The entirety of the Pelinese nuclear reactor fleet is wholly owned and operated by the Pelinese government through the Ministry of Energy’s Directorate of Nuclear Energy, which also handles the construction of new facilities and reactor units as well as the reprocessing and storage of nuclear waste.

Internet

Internet connectivity coverage

Most areas of Pelinai receive reliable internet service through some combination of cable internet, fiber-optic cable, wireless networks, and satellite internet. Cable internet is the most common internet delivery method across Pelinai, while high-speed fiber optic cables are particularly concentrated in densely populated areas like the Marahu River Delta, the eastern coastal plain, and Zholtiya. Regions of rough terrain and relatively low population density, like the Yukisora Mountains, are more likely to rely on satellite internet due to a reduced presence of local cable infrastructure.

Access to contemporary internet speeds in Pelinai has historically been inconsistent due to a lack of existing infrastructure. Despite achieving acceptable coverage of dial-up internet infrastructure in the early days of the internet by utilizing its relatively modern telephone cable system, Pelinai encountered difficulties implementing broadband internet on a large scale due to a lack of existing television cables in most areas outside of major cities. laying new cable across Pelinai for internet access was one of the primary goals of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, which allowed 70% of households in Pelinai to access broadband internet service by 2013.

Logistics and transportation

Rail

Rail transportation is used extensively in Pelinai for both passenger service and freight transportation. It is the most significant method for the haulage of bulk cargoes within Pelinai in particular, especially for internal routes running to and from seaports, industrial complexes, and agricultural areas.

Both types of train service in Pelinai saw great increases in coverage during the mid to late 1970s due to state-sponsored line extension and procurement programs for rolling stock as part of broader industrialization initiatives. The fixed infrastructure and the vehicles themselves both later required near comprehensive repair and reconfiguration due to conflict damage and lack of maintenance by 1984, with key performance metrics like overall railway coverage, equipment reliability rates, and total throughput capacity falling to averages of 12-15% of 1978 nationwide figures and as low as 5% in some areas; normal function was restored to prewar levels in most areas by 1991, with the Pelinese government later declaring full completion of railway reconstruction in 1993. Later expansion of passenger service since the 1990s has been driven primarily by various state-funded projects for the construction and upgrading of lines running between different major cities in Pelinai, while freight lines have received multiple successive waves of investment due to increasing agricultural and industrial demand for the efficient transportation of bulk and containerized cargoes.

Ports, canals, and waterways

Ports, canals, and waterways comprise a critical pillar of the broader Pelinese logistics and transportation system, with multiple waterways and islands scattered around Pelinai. It is also the primary method by which Pelinai conducts international trade of goods, surpassing both freight rail and trucks as the preferred method of regular long-distance transport for containerized cargoes. Significant oceangoing cargo terminals in Pelinai are located in Shizukaiyō, Letograd, Zholtograd, and Yoruyu, while barges are extensively used for shipments in inland waterways such as the Marahu River Delta.

Airports

There are 11 major airports offering international flight service in Pelinai: the largest among these in descending order are Rinakawa International Airport in Tsugunare, Haru Tanaka International Airport in Pelograd, and Binako International Airport in Botanhata. Most international flights are handled by the national flag carrier White Sakura Airways.

Government oversight

As a country with a social market economy and a tradition of window guidance, Pelinai regularly makes use of state intervention to achieve a variety of economic policy goals. The Pelinese ministries of Economics and State Industry act to perform a wide variety of functions, including preventing anti-competitive practices, enforcing consumer protection and safety regulations, and distributing state investment.

Industrial policy

Most industrial policies in Pelinai are traditionally organized into sections called “five-year plans”, which have been implemented consecutively every five years beginning in 1984. Despite the name, Pelinese industrial policies do not consist of economic planning in the conventional sense as implemented by a planned economy: instead, each five-year plan consists of a collection of economic growth initiatives and investment goals targeted towards different regions and economic sectors that have been deemed by the government to require attention for any of a variety of reasons. Plans are implemented in the economy through actions such as subsidies & tax breaks, infrastructure projects, action by state-owned enterprises, and other means. In addition to the conventional rotating system, special projects of varying durations may also be implemented outside of the normal five-year cycle when necessary.

State-owned enterprises

The Pelinese state manages a wide variety of state-owned enterprises in the interest of achieving economic and social policy goals, such as economic development and industrialization, the security of supply chains used by the Pelinese military and strategically critical industries, the provision of government-provided investments and other financial services, and the construction of public works projects such as logistical infrastructure. The majority of state-owned enterprises in Pelinai are either heavy industrial firms like Aetherdyne IDB and Fuyumako Heavy Industries, or providers of financial services like the Pelinai National Development Bank and the Pelinese Agricultural Bank.

Technological innovation

Main article: Science and technology in Pelinai (Pacifica)

Since the early 1990s, both the Pelinese government and domestic private enterprise have devoted a significant portion of their resources to developing, expanding, and modernizing the technological and research base of the Pelinese economy. Key metrics such as patent issuances, academic research publishings, and gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) have all shown yearly growth far above average for the Bailtem region as a whole and continue to rise, albeit at a somewhat reduced rate in comparison to their peaks in the mid-2000s. These increases in technical advancement and research capacity have formed a major supporting pillar of economic growth for Pelinai in the 21st century, particularly in lucrative, technology-heavy sectors such has heavy industry, software, and biomedical engineering.

Much of the Pelinese government’s policies concerning education, state industry, and defense are oriented towards developing and supporting a base of research and development capability sufficient to facilitate the economic and military competitiveness of Pelinai in the 21st century.

The Pelinese government under Prime Minister Genichiro Nezakov declared the insurance of an adequate supply and subsequent utilization of skilled technicians, engineering technologists, engineers, and researchers for technical R&D positions to be a national priority for economic growth in 1994. Subsequent measures intended to expand trade school and university education, such as tuition assistance and additional state funding for public universities, have produced a growing number of certification- and degree-holding workers that has occasionally threatened to strain the Pelinese economy’s ability to provide jobs that match their education levels. Underemployment for educated workers in Pelinai has traditionally been suppressed in the modern era through the expansion of state enterprise, though commercial demand has also become more able to take advantage of its greater access to highly qualified employees since the 2010s.

Research

Scientific research & development is a major sector of the Pelinese industrial-economic structure that has shown significant expansion in the 21st century. Average total yearly expenditure on basic and applied research in Pelinai between 2000 and 2023 was 3.8% of GDP between all fields, including both private and state-funded research. Funding in research from both private and state sources has grown significantly since 2000 in order to maintain international economic and industrial competitiveness, as well as take advantage of emerging technological fields.

Pelinai possesses a particularly large array of research facilities divided between the Pelinese state, private companies, nonprofit organizations, and educational institutions. The largest of these is the 30.1km² Magnolia Park in Stelossia, while other significant facilities include Iroiko vKG, the All-Pelinese Research Institute of Metals, Sevaria University Research Hospital, Seiko State Nuclear Laboratory, and Ramassu Laboratories.

Many government policies in Pelinai are in place in order to promote the domestic dissemination of technological knowledge and research. All research produced through grants or other funding provided by the Pelinese federal and/or regional governments, including but not limited to research reports, academic conference proceedings, monographs, and other research literature, is mandatorily published as open access research. The Pelinese Ministry of Education also maintains a department dedicated to preparing translated versions of high-impact research papers. Education in Pelinai is kept affordable through a combination of government subsidies and regulations on maximum tuition at state universities, particularly concerning programs dealing with natural and applied sciences, in order to ensure an adequate supply of potential employees for highly technical positions.

See also

• List of companies of Pelinai
• Manufacturing in Pelinai
• Pelinese Hana
• Science and technology in Pelinai