Science and technology in Pelinai (Pacifica)
Science and technology in Pelinai have exhibited significant advancement since the beginning of the 21st century, due primarily to heavy state and private investment in areas such as higher education, research & development, and high-technology companies.
Pelinai is one of the world’s largest research spenders, with over $179.2 billion dollars or approximately 3.2% of its total GDP being utilized for research in 2022. It possesses a well-established complex of research universities, research institutes, government-operated R&D laboratories, and technologically innovative companies, as well as the infrastructure and industrial base necessary to convert new advances and technologies into applied systems. It is particularly notable for its extensive research and design capabilities in engineering fields such as aerospace, mechanical, electronic, electrical, marine, manufacturing, industrial, agricultural, chemical, civil, and systems engineering, as well as materials science.
History
Institutions
The Pelinese research and development system encompasses a great variety of component organizations, primarily including private and state-owned enterprises, universities, independent research facilities, government agencies, professional associations, and academies of sciences, which are engaged in the activities of funding, conducting, publishing, and/or applying scientific research.
The primary government bodies overseeing the conduct of research in Pelinai as a whole are the Pelinese Academy of Sciences and Engineering and the Pelinese Academy of Social Sciences, which govern research in the natural sciences and the social sciences, respectively. In addition to advising the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology and other ministries on policy matters pertaining to research, higher education, and scientific fields, each body determines standards for the conduct and publishing of research in their respective fields.
Funding for research in Pelinai is provided by a combination of state and private entities. The National Research Grant Agency is the primary distributor of state-funded monetary grants to universities and nonprofit research foundations, along with the ministry-level programs operated by the Ministries of Defense, Energy, Health and others, while research conducted by enterprises is normally self-funded. Some field-specific grants are also provided by professional associations and nonprofit entities to promote specific topics of study.
Research and development work itself is carried out in Pelinai by many different types of organization, which vary strongly by the type of research being conducted. Universities in Pelinai such as Nishiyama State University and Dainēsa State Technical University produce research in the widest variety of topics and are, aside from some peripheral entities such as museums, the most significant Pelinese source of published papers pertaining to the social sciences; additionally, many university-affiliated entities such as the Iroiko College of Aerospace Technology work with commercial and government entities on applied research and the design of new systems. Independent research laboratories, as well as semi-independent complexes like Magnolia Park, perform primarily applied research, product development, and other similar services in collaboration with contractors such as commercial enterprises and government entities. Government entities at all levels, such as Pelkosmos, the Pelinese Ministries of Energy, Defense, Health, and Education, Science, and Technology, and the Pelinese White Army also maintain research facilities to conduct technological development in service of their objectives. Many enterprises of both private and state ownership also maintain in-house R&D departments to conduct product development and refinement.
Many academic journals exist in Pelinai to serve the purpose of publishing suitable university and government research papers; these include conventional commercially published journals, state-printed journals, university-printed journals, and journals printed by professional associations. Commercial publishers are relatively less important in Pelinai in comparison to other countries, with only 65% of papers published through them. academic conferences held by entities such as universities, professional associations, government agencies, and trade associations also publish a significant number of research papers.
State involvement
Funding and grants
Industrial espionage
Areas of research
Agriculture
Farming
Aquaculture
Basic sciences
Chemistry
Earth sciences
Physics
Mathematics
Engineering & industry
Medicine
See also
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Kingdom of Pelinai ペリナイ王国 | |
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 Flag
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| Capital | Pelograd |
| Largest city | Tsugunare |
| Government | Federal constitutional monarchy |
The Kingdom of Pelinai is a federal, parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a largely ceremonial monarch and an independent, democratically elected civilian government headed by the Pelinese State Parliament. Its administrative territory is composed of 45 prefectures and five federal cities, each of which maintain a measure of autonomy in domestic affairs and elect ministers of parliament to represent them in the Pelinese State Parliament. Major cities in Pelinai include Tsugunare on the Marahu River, Hanahi on Pelinai’s western border, Shizukaiyō on the eastern Seiko Sea, Dainēsa in the western Yukisora Mountains, Botanhata, in northern Sevaria, Mizu-Soi-No-Machi on coastal Sevaria, Yurikawa, in central Pelinai, Marasei, close to the former borderlands between Stelossia and Sevaria, Korolyeviya, in the Yukisora Mountains, Letograd, which rests on the southern peninsula of Stelossia, Zholtograd, on the western coast of the island of Zholtiya Zemla, and the capital of Pelograd on the northeastern Mediterranean coast.
The Kingdom of Pelinai was first formed by the Kingdom of Stelossia in 1781 AD, after the conquest of the Third Loshkarian Karaltsate and the Sevar Karaltsate, though the area in which it resides has remained continuously inhabited by civilization since the early Bronze Age. The first major empire to exist in what is now Pelinai was the Neo-Samarahi Empire, which conquered large areas of Milayakh and the South Bailtemmic Plain during the Bailtemmic Iron Age before giving way to the Chorekites, which were then followed by the horse nomads of the Great Polyar Karaltsate. The later faltering of central Polyar control in eastern Milayakh brought the establishment of the Loshkar Dakaraltsate of the south, the Koryar Karaltsate of the east, and the Sevar Karaltsate of the northeast; these successor states would continue to war with both each other and neighboring states such as the Kingdom of Samara and the unified Kingdom of Stelossia intermittently throughout the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. (Full article...)★ Featured page —
The Kingdom of Pelinai is a recently emerged nuclear power and one of the most recent states to successfully construct and deploy a currently functional nuclear arsenal. It is known to possess a wide variety of tactical- and strategic-yield nuclear warheads in large quantities, as well as a complete nuclear triad delivery system complex capable of ensuring second strike capability. Pelinai has never used nuclear weapons of any type in a military conflict, but does not adhere to a no first use policy and explicitly reserves the right to utilize nuclear armaments and other weapons of mass destruction in cases of conventional military aggression against its territory or the first enemy usage of WMDs against its own forces.
The Pelinese state is believed to possess approximately 12,000 to 13,000 operable nuclear weapons, the majority of which are tactical-size warheads of 20Kt yield or lower. An estimated 2,000~3,000 warheads of the Pelinese arsenal, primarily the strategic yield component, are in active service in various land- and submarine-launched ballistic missiles and in forward deployment magazines at airbases; the remainder are kept in reserve in order to provide a credible ability to wage protracted nuclear warfare.
The Pelinese nuclear weapons program was initiated in 1968 as one of the primary components of Project Apricot, a large-scale, dual-purpose development program to pursue a comprehensive, fully domestic nuclear complex encompassing a complete pipeline of uranium mines, uranium enrichment facilities, commercial reactors, nuclear fuel reprocessing sites, high-level waste long-term storage sites, and a nuclear weapons arsenal. Initial developmental work on the weapons section began at Nuclear Complex G68, the program’s first assigned research facility, the same year; subsequent research, design, and construction of support facilities to source plutonium and other critical materials proceeded slowly under both the Pelinese and Belogoran administrations throughout the second half of the twentieth century, with severe setbacks from facility damage caused by the Pelinese Civil War, until the final construction of a theoretically functional warhead in April 1999. The scheduled test detonation of the device was delayed for over one year by the ongoing construction of the underground nuclear testing facility at Meiaka, Yukisora, whose completion in August 2000 allowed for the eventual successful detonation of the device. The Pelinese nuclear program’s scope and funding both grew significantly throughout the 2000s and 2010s following the program’s technical success, facilitated by rising economic prosperity and accompanying increases in government access to resources: this resulted in a growing number of warhead types in production and a large increase in the program’s capacity for scaled production of warhead pits. The modern Pelinese nuclear armaments design and production system is now presently one of the most developed and technically advanced in the world, with extensive expertise in warhead manufacturing and access to a large supply of fissile and other critical weapon materials. (Full article...)